=The flower-stem.=—The stem of a solitary flower is known as a =peduncle=; also the general stem of a _flower-cluster_. The stem of the individual flower in a cluster is a =pedicel=. In the so-called stemless plants the peduncle may arise directly from the ground, or crown of the plant, as in dandelion, hyacinth, garden daisy; this kind of peduncle is called a =scape=. A scape may bear one or many flowers. It has no foliage leaves, but it may have bracts. SUGGESTIONS.—=166.= Name six columns in your notebook as follows: spike, raceme, corymb, umbel, cyme, solitary. Write each of the following in its appropriate column: larkspur, grape, rose, wistaria, onion, bridal wreath, banana, hydrangea, phlox, China berry, lily-of-the-valley, Spanish dagger (or yucca), sorghum, tuberose, hyacinth, mustard, goldenrod, peach, hollyhock, mullein, crêpe myrtle, locust, narcissus, snapdragon, peppergrass, shepherd’s purse, coxcomb, wheat, hawthorn, geranium, carrot, elder, millet, dogwood, castor bean; substitute others for plants that do not grow in your region. =167.= In the study of flower-clusters, it is well to choose first those that are fairly typical of the various classes discussed in the preceding paragraphs. As soon as the main types are well fixed in the mind, random clusters should be examined, for the pupil must never receive the impression that all flower-clusters follow the definitions in books. Clusters of some of the commonest plants are very puzzling, but the pupil should at least be able to discover whether the inflorescence is determinate or indeterminate. Figures 221 to 223 illustrate the theoretical modes of inflorescence. The numerals indicate the order of opening. CHAPTER XXI FRUITS The ripened ovary, with its attachments, is known as the fruit. _It contains the seeds._ If the pistil is simple, or of one carpel, the fruit also will have one compartment. If the pistil is compound, or of more than one carpel, the fruit usually has an equal number of compartments. The compartments in pistil and fruit are known as =locules= (from Latin _locus_, meaning “a place”). [Illustration: FIG. 224.—DENTARIA, OR TOOTH-WORT, in fruit.]