BEGINNERS’ ZOOLOGY BY WALTER M. COLEMAN [Illustration: [Logo]] _AUTHORIZED BY THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR ONTARIO_ TORONTO THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LIMITED 1921 Copyright, Canada, 1921 BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA, LIMITED CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. PROTOZOANS 10 III. SPONGES 17 IV. POLYPS 22 V. ECHINODERMS 34 VI. WORMS 42 VII. CRUSTACEANS 51 VIII. INSECTS 63 IX. MOLLUSCS 97 X. FISHES 109 XI. BATRACHIANS 126 XII. REPTILES 139 XIII. BIRDS 150 XIV. MAMMALS 184 BEGINNERS’ ZOOLOGY CHAPTER I THE PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY Biology (Greek, _bios_, life; _logos_, discourse) means the science of life. It treats of animals and plants. That branch of biology which treats of animals is called _zoology_ (Gr. _zoon_, animal; _logos_, discourse). The biological science of _botany_ (Gr. _botane_, plant or herb) treats of plants. Living things are distinguished from the not living by a series of processes, or changes (feeding, growth, development, multiplication, etc.), which together constitute what is called life. These processes are called _functions_. Both plants and animals have certain parts called _organs_ which have each a definite work, or function; hence animals and plants are said to be organized. For example, men and most other animals have a certain organ (the mouth) for taking in nourishment; another (the food tube), for its digestion. Because of its _organization_, each animal or plant is said to be an _organism_. Living things constitute the _organic kingdom_. Things without life and not formed by life constitute the _inorganic_, or _mineral_, _kingdom_. Mark I for inorganic and O for organic after the proper words in this list: granite, sugar, lumber, gold, shellac, sand, coal, paper, glass, starch, copper, gelatine, cloth, air, potatoes, alcohol, oil, clay. Which of these things are used for food by animals? Conclusion? =Energy in the Organic World.=—We see animals exerting energy; that is, we see them moving about and doing work. Plants are never seen acting that way; yet they need energy in order to form their tissues, grow, and raise themselves in the air.