Produced by G. Edward Johnson, Jane Hyland and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (Illustration scans courtesy of The Internet Archive: American Libraries) [Illustration: Benj. Franklin. From the portrait by Duplessis, in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.] BEGINNINGS OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE BY CARL LOTUS BECKER PROFESSOR OF EUROPEAN HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO The Riverside Press Cambridge COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY CARL LOTUS BECKER ALL RIGHTS RESERVED The Riverside Press CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS U.S.A. THE RIVERSIDE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION In the following volumes the authors seek to present a brief account of the beginnings, development, and final unity of the people of the United States. There are many histories of the country, many biographies which are in large measure histories; but these are exhaustive works traversing minutely certain periods, like Rhodes's _History of the United States from 1850 to 1877_, or Nicolay and Hay's _Abraham Lincoln: A History_; or they are shorter "patriotic" accounts which seek to prove something, or which fail to tell the whole story. Important as these classes of historical literature are, they hardly suffice for the teachers of advanced college classes, or for business and professional men who would like to know how the isolated European plantations or corporations in North America became in so short a time the great and wealthy nation of to-day. To meet these needs, that is, to describe in proper proportion and with due emphasis, but in the brief space of four short volumes, the forces, influences, and masterful personalities which have made the country what it is, has not been an easy task. For, contrary to the view of European students, American history is not simple. The hostile camps of Puritans and Church of England men, the Dutch of New Amsterdam and the Catholics of Maryland, could hardly be expected to merge into a single state without violent struggle. Nor could the hundreds of thousands of Scotch Calvinists, militant enemies of England and all her ways, who seized and held the fertile highlands of the Middle and Southern colonies, submit quietly to any program not of their own making. And again, in the thirties and fifties of the nineteenth century, millions of people speaking a strange tongue sought asylum in the Mississippi Valley--an isolated region whose early inhabitants, of whatsoever national strain, were strongly inclined to secession or revolt against the older Eastern communities. Never was a nation composed of more diverse ethnic groups and elements.