Navigation Acts, establishment of system of, 139 _ff._; Act of 1696, 145; violation of, 140, 152; how regarded on the frontier, 184; Molasses Act, 151, 207; Sugar Act, 207; modified in 1766, 224; petition for further modification, 225; Board of Commissioners to enforce, 226. Necessity, Fort, 157. Netherlands. _See_ Dutch. "Neulanders," 177. New Brunswick, 191. "New Castle trade," 137. Newcastle, Duke of, 149, 151, 155. New England, named, 56; land grants in, 57; and the English colonial system, 138; united under Andros, 145; conquers Louisburg, 155; population of, 162; social conditions in, 168 _ff._; frontier in, 174; not attractive to foreigners, 178; religious division in, 189; coast towns raided, 262. _See_ Massachusetts Bay. New England Confederation, 106. New England Council, 57, 91. New England theology, 190. New Hampshire, 67, 174, 179. New Haven, 105, 107. New Jersey, 132, 145, 146. "New Light," 188. New Netherland, 45, 128, 131. New Orleans, 152. New Port, 103, 168. "New Side," 188. New Spain, 31, 150. Newspapers, 191, 222. Newton, Isaac, 126. Newtown, 104. New York, founded, 130; annexed to New England, 132, 145; control of judges in, 164; social conditions in, 167; paper money in, 208, 209; avoided by foreign settlers, 178; and the Restraining Act, 226; riots in, 226; non-importation agreement in, 229, 230; permitted to issue bills of credit, 230; and East India Company tea, 232, 233; Howe occupies the city of, 255; war conditions in, 268; projected attack on the city of, 269; evacuated by British and Loyalists, 272. Niagara, 153, 159. Nicolet, Jean, 141. Nicolls, Col. Richard, 131. Noel, Martin, 135 _ff._ Nombre de Dios, 43. Nonconformists, 87, 88, 90. Non-importation agreements, 221, 222, 229, 230, 246. North, Lord, 230, 231, 250, 270. Northampton, 188. North Carolina, 175, 269. Northwest, conquest of the, 265-67. _Nova Britannia_, 67. Nova Scotia, 122, 155. Oderic, Friar Beatus, 9. Ohio Valley. _See_ Frontier; Defense. Old colonial system. _See_ Colonial control. Oldham, John, 104. "Old Light," 188. "Old Side," 188. Orient, importance of the relations of Europe and the, 1, 4-7, 13. Oswego, 153, 154, 156, 157, 159. Otis, James, 231, 237. Overpopulation of England, colonization and the belief in, 67, 138. Palatinate, 177. Paper money. _See_ Currency. Parliament. _See_ English Government. Particularism, 262, 263. Partridge, Lieutenant-Governor, 148.