[Footnote i-23: Prior to the Treaty of Paris (1763) the American colonies were indebted primarily to English liberalism for ideas subversive of colonial orthodoxy. If works of Fénelon, Fontenelle, Bayle, Voltaire, and Rousseau are occasionally found in the colonies prior to 1763, these are dwarfed beside the impact of such English minds as those of Trenchard and Gordon, Collins, Wollaston, Tillotson, Boyle, Shaftesbury, Locke, and Newton. It was only in the twilight of the century that French liberalism, itself nursed on English speculation, began to impinge on the thought-life of the colonies. See H. M. Jones, _America and French Culture_. Also see L. Rosenthal, "Rousseau at Philadelphia," _Magazine of American History_, VII, 46-55. See works of Riley, Koch, Gohdes, Morais, in Bibliography, pp. cli ff., below.] [Footnote i-24: Fiske, _op. cit._, 124.] [Footnote i-25: F. J. Turner, _The Frontier in American History_ (New York, 1920), 30.] [Footnote i-26: _Ibid._, 38.] [Footnote i-27: Whitney, _op. cit._, 83-4.] [Footnote i-28: See R. M. Jones, _The Quakers in the American Colonies_ (London, 1921).] [Footnote i-29: T. Hornberger's "The Date, the Source, and the Significance of Cotton Mather's Interest in Science," _American Literature_, VI, 413-20 (Jan., 1935), offers evidence to show that Mather's thought in this work is latent in earlier works.] [Footnote i-30: K. Murdock (ed.), _Selections from Cotton Mather_ (New York, 1926), xlix-l; see G. L. Kittredge items (Murdock, lxii), and Hornberger, _op. cit._] [Footnote i-31: Murdock, _op. cit._, 286.] [Footnote i-32: _Ibid._, 292.] [Footnote i-33: _Ibid._, 349.] [Footnote i-34: Riley, _op. cit._, 196.] [Footnote i-35: Quoted in H. M. Morais, _Deism in Eighteenth Century America_, 25.] [Footnote i-36: _Ibid._, 17. See also G. A. Koch, _Republican Religion_.] [Footnote i-37: _Travels in North America, in the Years 1780, 1781, and 1782_ (London, 1787), I, 445.] [Footnote i-38: F. E. Brasch, "Newton's First Critical Disciple in the American Colonies--John Winthrop," in _Sir Isaac Newton, 1727-1927_ (Baltimore, 1928), 301.] [Footnote i-39: H. and C. Schneider (eds.), _Samuel Johnson, President of Kings College: His Career and Writings_ (New York, 1929), I, 6.] [Footnote i-40: _Ibid._, I, 8-9. It will be remembered that Thomas Young was struck with science and deism while at Yale: he it was who introduced liberal ideas to that militant prince of deists (with Thomas Paine), Ethan Allen.] [Footnote i-41: _Jacobus Rohaultus physica Latine reddita et annotata ex, Js. Newtonii principiis_ (1697).] [Footnote i-42: _Literary Diary_, I, 556 (1775).] [Footnote i-43: D. Stimson, _The Gradual Acceptance of the Copernican Theory_, 48.] [Footnote i-44: See S. E. Morison, "The Harvard School of Astronomy in the Seventeenth Century," _New England Quarterly_, VII, 3 (March, 1934).]