Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations. See 54125-h.htm or 54125-h.zip: (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54125/54125-h/54125-h.htm) or (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54125/54125-h.zip) Images of the original pages are available through Internet Archive. See https://archive.org/details/beyondoldfrontie00grinrich Transcriber’s note: Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=). BEYOND THE OLD FRONTIER * * * * * * IN THE SAME SERIES PUBLISHED BY CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS =Beyond the Old Frontier.= Adventures of Indian Fighters, Hunters, and Fur Traders. By GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL. =Missionary Explorers Among the American Indians.= Edited by MARY GAY HUMPHREYS. =True Tales of Arctic Heroism in the New World.= By A. W. GREELY. =The Boy’s Catlin.= My Life Among the Indians, by GEORGE CATLIN. Edited by MARY GAY HUMPHREYS. =The Boy’s Hakluyt.= English Voyages of Adventure and Discovery, retold from Hakluyt by EDWIN M. BACON. =The Boy’s Drake.= By EDWIN M. BACON. =Trails of the Pathfinders.= By GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL. =Zebulon M. Pike.= Edited by MARY GAY HUMPHREYS. _Each Volume Illustrated. 12mo. Net $1.50_ * * * * * * BEYOND THE OLD FRONTIER [Illustration: AMONG THE BUFFALO] BEYOND THE OLD FRONTIER Adventures of Indian-Fighters, Hunters, and Fur-Traders by GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL Author of “Trails of the Pathfinders,” “Blackfeet Indian Stories,” etc. Illustrated New York Charles Scribner’S Sons 1913 Copyright, 1913, by Charles Scribner’S Sons Published September, 1913 [Illustration] PREFACE To-day the vast territory lying between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean is occupied by many millions of people. Fifty years ago, except on the Pacific slope, it had few white inhabitants. Then it was the Far West, beyond the frontier, the Indian country--the unknown. A journey into it was believed to be full of peril. In the minds of the general public it was as far away as Central China is to-day. Beyond the great river which bounded it on the east was a fringe of settlements. Scattered through the more distant country were the trading-posts to which the trapper brought his furs. Forts Garry, Benton, Union, Laramie, Bridger, and Bent were some of these. There were a few army posts, and as time went on others were established.