The Zemer or Chamois only once mentioned in the Bible--Signification of the word _Zemer_--Probability that the Zemer is the Aoudad--Appearance of the Aoudad--Its strength and activity--Fierce temper of the adult male--Horns of the Aoudad--Their probable use as musical instruments--Habits of the Aoudad--The Mouflon probably classed with the Aoudad under the name of Zemer--Appearance and habits of the Mouflon 185 THE GOAT. Value of the Goat--Its use in furnishing food--The male kid the usual animal of slaughter--Excellence of the flesh, and deception of Isaac--Milk of the Goat--An Oriental milking scene--The hair of the Goat, and the uses to which it is put--The Goat's skin used for leather--The "bottle" of Scripture--Mode of making and repairing the bottles--Ruse of the Gibeonites--The "bottle in the smoke"--The sacks and the kneading-troughs--The Goat as used for sacrifice--General habits of the Goat--Separation of the Goats from the sheep--Performing Goats--Different breeds of Goats in Palestine 189 THE WILD GOAT. The Azelim or Wild Goats of Scripture identical with the Beden or Arabian Ibex--Different names of the Beden--Its appearance and general habits--En-gedi, or Goats' Fountain--The Beden formerly very plentiful in Palestine, and now tolerably common--Its agility--Difficulty of catching or killing it--How the young are captured--Flesh of the Beden--Use of the horns at the present day--The Ako of Deuteronomy 203 THE DEER. The Hart and Hind of Scripture--Species of Deer existing in Palestine--Earliest mention of the Hind--The Hart classed among the clean animals--Passages alluding to its speed--Care of the mother for her young, and her custom of secreting it--Tameable character of the Deer--The Rabbinical writers and their theories--Shedding of the Deer's horns--Its fabled mode of sleeping--The gall in the tail--Curious traditions of the enmity between Deer and serpents--Virtues of a Deer-skin coat 208 THE CAMEL. CHAPTER I. The two species of Camel, and the mode of distinguishing them--Value of the Camel in the East--Camels mentioned as elements of wealth--Uses of the Camel--The Jews forbidden to eat its flesh--The milk of the Camel--Thirst-enduring capability--The internal reservoir--The hump, and its uses to the animal--The Camel as a beast of draught and burden--How the Camel is laden--Knowledge of its own powers--Camels for riding--Difficulty of sitting a Camel--A rough-paced steed--Method of guiding the Camel--The mesh'ab, or Camel-stick of office--The women's saddle--Rachel's stratagem--Ornaments of the Camel--The swift dromedary, Heirie, or Deloul--Its ungainly aspect--Speed and endurance of the Deloul--The Camel-posts of Bornu--Camel-drivers and their conduct--The driver's song--Young Camels and their appearance--The deserted Camel 216 CHAPTER II.