See the transcriber's note at the end of the book. * * * * * BY PROF. CHARLES FOSTER KENT THE SHORTER BIBLE--THE NEW TESTAMENT. THE SHORTER BIBLE--THE OLD TESTAMENT. THE SOCIAL TEACHINGS OF THE PROPHETS AND JESUS. BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY. THE ORIGIN AND PERMANENT VALUE OF THE OLD TESTAMENT. HISTORY OF THE HEBREW PEOPLE. From the Settlement in Canaan to the Fall of Jerusalem in 586 B.C. 2 vols. HISTORY OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE. The Babylonian, Persian and Greek Periods. THE HISTORICAL BIBLE. With Maps. 6 vols. STUDENT'S OLD TESTAMENT. Logically and Chronologically Arranged and Translated. With Maps. 6 vols. THE MESSAGES OF ISRAEL'S LAW-GIVERS. THE MESSAGES OF THE EARLIER PROPHETS. THE MESSAGES OF THE LATER PROPHETS. CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS [Illustration: Modern Palestine, With Ancient Towns and Highways] BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY BY CHARLES FOSTER KENT, PH.D. WOOLSEY PROFESSOR OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE IN YALE UNIVERSITY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1926 COPYRIGHT, 1911, BY CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS Printed in the United States of America Published April, 1911 PREFACE Geography has within the past few years won a new place among the sciences. It is no longer regarded as simply a description of the earth's surface, but as the foundation of all historical study. Only in the light of their physical setting can the great characters, movements, and events of human history be rightly understood and appreciated. Moreover, geography is now defined as a description not only of the earth and of its influence upon man's development, but also of the solar, atmospheric, and geological forces which throughout millions of years have given the earth its present form. Hence, in its deeper meaning, geography is a description of the divine character and purpose expressing itself through natural forces, in the physical contour of the earth, in the animate world, and, above all, in the life and activities of man. Biblical geography, therefore, is the first and in many ways the most important chapter in that divine revelation which was perfected through the Hebrew race and recorded in the Bible. Thus interpreted it has a profound religious meaning, for through the plains and mountains, the rivers and seas, the climate and flora of the biblical world the Almighty spoke to men as plainly and unmistakably as he did through the voices of his inspired seers and sages.