(_a_) _International._――The connexion between over-population and war is nowadays fairly obvious and is particularly manifest in those countries which are both industrially organized and consciously nationalist in spirit. In the absence of these two conditions over-multiplication need not be followed by war. India and China, for instance, are very densely populated countries where over-multiplication frequently takes place. This process does not, however, give rise to much danger of international disturbance, in that both countries are, from the nature of their organization, incapable of conducting war on modern lines, and neither has a generally-felt, or a unifying national consciousness. Excessive increase is here frequently checked by famines, which, though causing incalculable suffering, do not readily generate wars. Within recent years two countries have demonstrated the relation between over-population and war, or the threat of war, namely Germany and Japan. In Germany before the war, where the ‘military’ objection to Birth Control, first advanced, was prevalent, there existed an ethical code by which German mothers were persuaded that they were fulfilling the highest spiritual purpose of which their sex was capable by producing male children destined to be soldiers, prepared to fight for their country in a victorious war. It is now generally recognized here that it was this attitude of mind, involving an expectation and a glorification of war, associated with the distinctively German powers of efficient organization centred in implicit obedience to the Kaiser, which served to produce that exultant pride of power and aggressive national consciousness which precipitated, if it did not actually cause, the late war. The increase in the population of Germany was advocated and extolled without regard to that country’s capacity to support her swelling populations. To-day, though Birth Control is largely practised by the upper and middle classes in Germany as it is in this country, the old ideal still lingers on, and to it is attributable that fear of Germany which, until recently, has so conspicuously directed French policy since the Armistice.