I--Black 1 II--White 6 III--The Negro and the Nation 13 IV--The Triumph of the Vanquished 19 V--Illiteracy--Its Causes 28 VI--Education--Professional or Industrial 38 VII---How Not to Do It 55 VIII--The Nation Surrenders 62 IX--Political Independence of the Negro 67 X--Solution of the Political Problem 79 XI--Land and Labor 89 XII--Civilization Degrades the Masses 96 XIII--Conditions of Labor in the South 107 XIV--Classes in the South 120 XV--The Land Problem 133 XVI--Conclusion 145 Appendix 151 On a summer day, when the great heat induced a general thirst, a Lion and a Boar came at the same moment to a small well to drink. They fiercely disputed which of them should drink first, and were soon engaged in the agonies of a mortal combat. On their suddenly stopping to take breath for the fiercer renewal of the strife, they saw some vultures in the distance, waiting to feast on the one which should fall. They at once made up their quarrel, saying, "It is better for us to be friends, than to become the food of crows or vultures."--_AEsop's Fables_. CHAPTER I _Black_ There is no question to-day in American politics more unsettled than the negro question; nor has there been a time since the adoption of the Federal Constitution when this question has not, in one shape or another, been a disturbing element, a deep-rooted cancer, upon the body of our society, frequently occupying public attention to the exclusion of all other questions. It appears to possess, as no other question, the elements of perennial vitality. The introduction of African slaves into the colony of Virginia in August, 1619, was the beginning of an agitation, a problem, the solution of which no man, even at this late date, can predict, although many wise men have prophesied. History--the record of human error, cruelty and misdirected zeal--furnishes no more striking anomaly than the British Puritan fleeing from princely rule and tyranny and dragging at his heels the African savage, bound in servile chains; praying to a just God for freedom, and at the same time riveting upon his fellow-man the gyves of most unjust and cruel slavery. A parallel for such hypocrisy, such sacrilegious invocation, is not matched in the various history of peoples.