“The Revolution of 1789 has destroyed the old Regime; that of 1848 should establish the new one.” “Social reform is the end, as Republic is the means; _all the Socialists are Republicans, all the Republicans are Socialists_.”[3] The methods by which the plans of the Socialists are to be worked out, are in the same journal declared to be as follows:— “PROGRAMME OF THE PEOPLE. “A man with a heart,—a man greatly loved by the working classes, has lent his hand to the formation of a programme dictated by the popular will. The ideas on which it rests, treated as utopian yesterday, have no need to be discussed to-day. The last Revolution is an explosion of light which has dissipated the darkness. The Socialist ideas railed at yesterday, accepted to-day, will be realised to-morrow. Its principles are,— “I. _The rights of labour._—It is the duty of the state to furnish employment, and if necessary a _minimum_ of wages, to all the members of society whom private industry does not employ. “II. _House of refuge_ for industry. “III. Despotism must be for ever disarmed by the transformation of the army into _industrial regiments_, (en regiments industriels,) suited alike to the defence of the territory and the execution of the great works of the Republic. “IV. _Public education, equal_, gratuitous, and obligatory upon all. “V. Savings’ banks (caisses d’épargne) which keep capital dead, shall be _vivified by labour_: the people who produce all riches can afford to be their own bankers. “VI. A universal reform of _law courts_, juries every where. “VII. Absolute _freedom of communications of thought_. “VIII. A _progressive scale of taxation_. “IX. A progressional _tax on machinery_ employed in industry. “X. An effectual guarantee for a _fair division of profits_ between the capitalists and the workmen. “XI. A _tax on luxury_. “XII. _Universal suffrage._ “XIII. A _national assembly_. “XIV. _Annual elections by all._ “Vive la Republique! Gardons nos armes!”[4] To carry out these principles, they propose a general centralisation of all undertakings in the hands of government, to be brought under the direct control of a simple majority of universal suffrage electors. In the same journal we find the following proposals:— “ABSORPTION OF RAILWAYS BY THE STATE. “Let us reproduce to-day, with the certainty of being heard by the country, the wishes which the _Democratie Pacifique_ has announced every morning since its origin, seventeen years ago. “I. All railways, roads, canals, and public ways, by which the life of France circulates, to be _absorbed by the state_. “II. The state should undertake all stage-coaches, carriers, waggons, and means of conveyance or transport, of every description.