The Turcomans--Seljuks--Persia Conquered--Armenia Wasted-- 140,000 Slain--Ani with 1,001 Churches Falls--Awful Slaughter --Asia Minor Ravaged--Emperor of Constantinople Defeated-- Damascus Falls--Saladin--Jerusalem Capitulates--Silence on the Coast--Jenghiz Khan--Armenia in Great Distress--Turks in Europe--Tamerlane--Armenia again in Torture--Pyramids of Human Skulls--Death of Tamerlane 104 CHAPTER V. THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. Ottoman Empire Rising--Danger to Europe--Mohammed II. the Conqueror--Fortress Built at Gallipoli--Emperor Alarmed-- Europe Indifferent--First Great Siege with Artillery--Seven Weeks Bombardment--Final Assault--50,000 Ottomans Fall--Charge of the Janissaries--Constantine Died at His Post--Church of St. Sophia is turned into a Mosque--Islam sits on the Throne of Christianity 135 CHAPTER VI. THE BULGARIAN MASSACRE. Four Centuries of Misrule--Chios, 40,000 Slain--Christians in Turkey Persecuted--Russia Demands their Protection--France and England against Russia--Czar's Army Crosses into Moldavia--Sultan Declares War--Siege of Sebastopol--Treaty of Paris 1856--Turkish Loans--Revolt in Servia--Andrassy Note-- Reforms Promised--Bulgarian Massacres--England Horror Struck-- Gladstone on the Massacres--15,000 Butchered--Russia Arms for the Deliverance of the Christians 159 CHAPTER VII. THE RUSSO-TURKISH WAR. War Declared--Crossing the Danube--Siege of Plevna-- Skobeleff's Gallant Charge--Third Siege--Plevna Reduced and Surrenders--Alexander at the Danube--Shipka Pass--The Valley of Roses--Turkey Conquered--Adrianople--San Stefano--Berlin Treaty--Russia Robbed of her Victories 185 CHAPTER VIII. THE SULTAN ABDUL HAMID. Questions of Policy--Palace Rule--Alarm of the Porte--Shrewd Diplomacy--Playing off the Powers--Balance of Power--Reforms Promised--Never Fulfilled 213 CHAPTER IX. PROGRESS AND POWER OF CHRISTIAN MISSIONS IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. The First Chapter in Turkish Missions--Have Missions been a Failure--Modern Triumphs of the Gospel 250 CHAPTER X. THE KURDS AND ARMENIANS. Territory--Origin--Occupation--Character--Agriculture--Robbers --Cruelty of Warfare--Language--Homes--Women--Ruined Castles-- Churches 277 CHAPTER XI. THE REIGN OF TERROR--SASSOUN 303 CHAPTER XII. THE REIGN OF TERROR--TREBIZOND AND ERZEROUM 341 CHAPTER XIII. THE REIGN OF TERROR--VAN AND MOUSH 360 CHAPTER XIV. THE REIGN OF TERROR--HARPOOT AND ZEITOUN 383 CHAPTER XV. RELIEF WORK IN ARMENIA.