For several centuries, almanacs were consulted to determine the propitious time for bleeding. The "woodcut anatomy" became a characteristic illustration of the colonial American almanac. John Foster introduced the "Man of Signs," as it was called, into the American almanac tradition in his almanac for 1678, printed in Boston. Other examples of early American almanacs featuring illustrations of bleeding include Daniel Leed's almanac for 1693, printed in Philadelphia, and John Clapp's almanac for 1697, printed in New York. As in many of the medieval illustrations, the woodcut anatomy in the American almanac consisted of a naked man surrounded by the twelve signs of the zodiac, each associated with a particular part of the body (the head and face with Aries, the neck with Taurus, the arms with Gemini, etc.). The directions that often accompanied the figure instructed the user to find the day of the month in the almanac chart, note the sign or place of the moon associated with that day, and then look for the sign in the woodcut anatomy to discover what part of the body is governed by that sign. Bloodletting was usually not specifically mentioned, but it is likely that some colonials still used the "Man of Signs" or "Moon's Man" to determine where to open a vein on a given day.[28] [Illustration: FIGURE 3.--Lunar dial, Germany, 1604. Concentric scales mark hours of the day, days, months, and special astrological numbers. In conjunction with other dials, it enables the user to determine the phases of the moon. (NMHT 30121; SI photo P-63426.)] The eighteenth-century family Bible might contain a list of the favorable and unfavorable days in each month for bleeding, as in the case of the Bible of the Degge family of Virginia.[29] _Barber-Surgeons_ Even though it was recognized that bleeding was a delicate operation that could be fatal if not done properly, it was, from the medieval period on, often left in the hands of the barber-surgeons, charlatans, and women healers. In the early Middle Ages the barber-surgeons flourished as their services grew in demand. Barber-surgeons had additional opportunities to practice medicine after priests were instructed to abandon the practice of medicine and concentrate on their religious duties. Clerics were cautioned repeatedly by Pope Innocent II through the Council at Rheims in 1131, the Lateran Council in 1139, and five subsequent councils, not to devote time to duties related to the body if they must neglect matters related to the soul.[30]