Cupping 17 Early Cupping Instruments 17 Instruments of the Professional Cupper 21 Cupping Procedure 24 Nineteenth Century Attempts to Improve Cupping Technology 25 Dry Cupping 31 Breast Cupping 32 The Decline of Cupping 34 Leeching 34 Leeches 34 Artificial Leeches 36 Veterinary Bloodletting 40 Physical Analysis of Artifacts 41 Catalog of Bloodletting Instruments 42 Phlebotomy 44 Flint and Thumb Lancets 44 Spring Lancets 44 Bleeding Bowls 47 Extra Blades and Cases 47 Cupping 48 Scarificators 48 Cups 50 Cupping Sets 50 Cupping Apparatus 52 Breast Pumps 52 Leeching 53 Veterinary Bloodletting 53 Fleams 53 Spring Lancets 54 Related Artifacts 55 Notes 57 List of Trade Catalogs Consulted 63 Figures 26-124 64 PREFACE