Transcriber's Note The List of Illustrations following the "Contents" section has been added by the transcriber; the wording of captions in that List has in some cases been condensed from the captions in the body of the book. Italic font is indicated by _underscores_. BODILY CHANGES IN PAIN, HUNGER, FEAR AND RAGE BODILY CHANGES IN PAIN, HUNGER, FEAR AND RAGE AN ACCOUNT OF RECENT RESEARCHES INTO THE FUNCTION OF EMOTIONAL EXCITEMENT BY WALTER B. CANNON GEORGE HIGGINSON PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY [Illustration] NEW YORK AND LONDON D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 1915 Copyright, 1915, by D. APPLETON AND COMPANY Printed in the United States of America TO MY COLLABORATORS IN THESE RESEARCHES DANIEL DE LA PAZ ALFRED T. SHOHL WADE S. WRIGHT ARTHUR L. WASHBURN HENRY LYMAN LEONARD B. NICE CHARLES M. GRUBER HOWARD OSGOOD HORACE GRAY WALTER L. MENDENHALL WITH PLEASANT MEMORIES OF OUR WORK TOGETHER PREFACE Fear, rage and pain, and the pangs of hunger are all primitive experiences which human beings share with the lower animals. These experiences are properly classed as among the most powerful that determine the action of men and beasts. A knowledge of the conditions which attend these experiences, therefore, is of general and fundamental importance in the interpretation of behavior.