Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage : $b an account of recent researches into the function of emotional excitementCannon, Walter B. (Walter Bradford)
Science
Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage : $b an account of recent researches into the function of emotional excitement
Cannon, Walter B. (Walter Bradford)
Emotions; Mental health; Mind and body
*[Footnote: Russell (The Pima Indians, United States Bureau of
Ethnology, 1908, p. 243) relates a tale told by the Indians to
their children, in which an injured coyote was chasing some quails.
“Finally the quails got tired,” according to the story, “but the
coyote did not, for he was angry and did not feel fatigue.”]
It would doubtless be incorrect to attempt to account for all the
increased strength and tireless endurance, which may be experienced
in periods of great excitement, on the basis of abundant supplies
provided then for muscular contraction, and a special secretion for
avoiding or abolishing the depressive influences of fatigue. Tremors,
muscular twitchings, the assumption of characteristic attitudes,
all indicate that there is an immensely augmented activity of the
nervous system--an activity that discharges powerfully even into
parts not directly concerned in struggle, as, for example, into
the muscles of voice, causing peculiar cries or warning notes; into
the muscles of the ears, drawing them back or causing them to stand
erect, and into the small muscles about the lips, tightening them
and revealing the teeth. The typical appearances of human beings,
as well as lower animals, when in the grip of such deeply agitating
emotions as fear and rage, are so well recognized as to constitute a
primitive and common means of judging the nature of the experience
through which the organism is passing. This “pattern” response of
the nervous system to an emotion-provoking object or situation is
probably capable of bringing into action a much greater number
of neurones in the central nervous system than are likely to be
concerned in even a supreme act of volition. The nervous impulses
delivered to the muscles, furthermore, operate upon organs well
supplied with energy-yielding material and well fortified by rapidly
circulating blood and by secreted adrenin, against quick loss of
power because of accumulating waste. Under such circumstances of
excitement the performance of extraordinary feats of strength or
endurance is natural enough.[*]
*[Footnote: If individual neurones obey the law of either supreme
action or inaction, the “all-or-none law,” the only means of
securing a graded response is through variation of the _number_ of
neurones engaged in action--the more, the greater the resulting
manifestation of strength.]
In connection with the conception that strong emotion has a
dynamogenic value, it is of interest to note that on occasions
when great demands are likely to be placed on the neuro-muscular
system in the doing of unusual labors, emotional excitement is not
uncommonly an accompaniment. In order to emphasize points in the
argument developed thus far, I propose to cite some examples of the
association of emotional excitement with remarkable exhibitions of
power or resistance to fatigue.
The Excitements and Energies of Competitive Sports
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