Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage : $b an account of recent researches into the function of emotional excitementCannon, Walter B. (Walter Bradford)
Science
Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage : $b an account of recent researches into the function of emotional excitement
Cannon, Walter B. (Walter Bradford)
Emotions; Mental health; Mind and body
As previously stated, von den Velden has contended that shortening
of coagulation time by adrenin is due to exudation of tissue juices
resulting from vasoconstriction. The amount of adrenin which
produces markedly faster clotting in the cat, is approximately 0.001
milligram per kilo. As Lyman and I[105] showed, however, this amount
when injected slowly, as in the present experiments, results in
brief vasodilation rather than vasoconstriction. Von den Velden’s
explanation can therefore not be applied to these experiments.
He has claimed, furthermore, that adrenin added to blood _in vitro_
makes it clot more rapidly, but, as already noted, he gives no
account of the conditions of his experiments and no figures. It is
impossible, therefore, to criticise them. His claim, however, is
contrary to Wiggers’s[106] earlier observations that blood with added
adrenin coagulated no more quickly than blood with an equal amount
of added physiological salt solution. Also contrary to this claim
are the following two experiments: (1) Ligatures were tied around
the aorta and inferior vena cava immediately above the diaphragm,
and thus the circulation was confined almost completely to the
anterior part of the animal. Indeed, since the posterior part ceases
to function in the absence of blood supply, the preparation may be
called an “anterior animal.” When such a preparation was made and
0.5 cubic centimeter of adrenin, 1:100,000 (half the usual dose,
because, roughly, half an animal), was injected slowly into one of
the jugulars, coagulation was not shortened. Whereas for a half-hour
before the injection the clotting time averaged 4.6 minutes, for an
hour thereafter the average was 5.3 minutes--a prolongation which
may have been due, not to any influence of adrenin, but to failure
of the blood to circulate through the intestines and liver.[107]
In another experiment after the gastro-intestinal canal and liver
had been removed from the animal, the average time for coagulation
during twenty-five minutes before injecting adrenin (0.23 cubic
centimeter, 1:100,000, in an animal weighing originally 2.3 kilos)
was 5.5 minutes, and during forty minutes after the injection it was
6.8 minutes, with no case shorter than 6 minutes. In the absence
of circulation through the abdominal viscera, therefore, adrenin
fails to shorten the clotting time. (2) The cannulas were filled
with adrenin, 1:1,000, and emptied just before being introduced into
the artery. The small amount of adrenin left on the walls was thus
automatically mixed with the drawn blood. Alternate observations
with these cannulas wet by adrenin and with the usual dry cannulas
showed no noteworthy distinction.
Feb. 19. 2.21--6 minutes, with usual cannula
.30--6.5 “ “ “ “
.36--6.5 “ “ adrenin “
.49--6 “ “ “ “
.56--7 “ “ usual “
3.04--6 “ “ adrenin “
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