Movements of thought in the thirteenth century--Uncertainty in their direction--The “Beghards” or “Picards.”--Position of Charles in relation to religious reform--The Diet of 1359--Charles’s ideas of reform--Conrad Waldhauser--The Bohemian language question--Milic of Kromĕr̆íz̆--Thomas of S̆títný--Growth of Bohemian literature, and opposition of the “Masters” to it--Death of Charles--Accession and character of Wenceslaus IV.--His relations with the Pope--His quarrels with the clergy--Archbishop Jenstein’s opposition--Death of John of Nepomuc and its consequences--Wenceslaus’s relations with the nobles--Power and policy of the Rosenbergs--Imprisonment of Wenceslaus by the nobles--John and Sigismund--Violence of Wenceslaus--Opposition of the Electors to him--His deposition in 1400 from the Empire--Sigismund’s policy in Prague--The second imprisonment of Wenceslaus and his escape--Matthias of Janov--Founding of the Bethlehem Chapel--Early career of Jan Hus--Relations of the English and Bohemian Reformations to each other--The Prague University proposals of 1403 against Wyclif--Attitude of Hus towards Wyclif--Unique theological position of Hus--Zbynĕk and Hus--Wenceslaus and the Council of Pisa--Attitude of rival parties--The votes of the “Nations”--Hesitations and final decision of Wenceslaus--The German resistance to the decree--The two sides of the question--Retirement of the Germans from Prague. VIII. FROM THE RETIREMENT OF THE GERMANS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF PRAGUE TO THE DEATH OF HUS 188-220 (1409-1415.) Injustices of Hus’s opponents in reference to the voting question--Election of Alexander V.--New attacks on heresy--Hus’s answers--Queen Sophia--The burning of Wyclif’s books--Wenceslaus and John XXIII.--Intervention of Sigismund--Pope John’s crusade--The sale of indulgences--Opposition of Hus--Revolt of his followers from him--First appearance of Jerom in Bohemian controversy--Effect of his interference--The treacherous execution of the opponents of Indulgences--Michael de Causis--Hus’s retirement from Prague--The “De Ecclesia”--Jakaubek of Kladrau--Banishment of Pálec̆ and Stanislaus--Intervention of Sigismund--The safe-conduct--The arrival at Constance--Promises of Pope John--Michael and Pálec̆--Imprisonment of Hus--“The Cup for the laity”--Hus’s letter and its perversion--Sigismund at Constance--Deposing Popes--Jerom at Constance--The Bishop of Litomys̆l and the Bohemian nobles--The trial of June 5th--Of June 7th--Sigismund’s anger with Hus--June 8th--Deposition of Popes and of Kings--“Abjure”--Chlum’s handshake--Sigismund’s condemnation of Hus--Last letters and interviews--Condemnation of “the Cup”--The final scene at the Council--The martyrdom. IX.