I have been explaining to you my ideas, expecting that you will publish them. You over in America are not able to imagine how horrible the life in Russia at the present time is. The period after the French Revolution surely must have been as a life in a paradise compared with this. Hunger, brigandage, arrests, and murders are such every-day events that nobody pays any attention to them. Freedom of assemblage, association, free speech, and free press is a far-away ideal which is altogether destroyed at the present time. Arbitrary rule and terror are raging everywhere, and, what is worst of all, not only the terror proclaimed by the government, but individual terror as well. My greetings to all friends and comrades. OSKAR TOKOI. THE END FOOTNOTES: [1] Plechanov never formally joined the Menshevik faction, I believe, but his writings showed that he favored that faction and the Mensheviki acknowledged his intellectual leadership. [2] They had gained one member since the election. [3] Quoted by Litvinov, _The Bolshevik Revolution: Its Rise and Meaning_, p. 22. Litvinov, it must be remembered, was the Bolshevik Minister to Great Britain. His authority to speak for the Bolsheviki is not to be questioned. [4] The date is Russian style--March 12th, our style. [5] _The State in Russia--Old and New_, by Leon Trotzky; _The Class Struggle_, Vol. II, No. 2, pp. 213-221. [6] This document is printed in full at the end of the volume as Appendix. I [7] The author of the present study is responsible for the use of italics in this document. [8] Litvinov, _The Bolshevik Revolution: Its Rise and Meaning_, p. 30. [9] Lenine is not quite accurate in his statement of Marx's views nor quite fair in stating the position of the "opportunists." The argument of Marx in _The Civil War in France_ is not that the proletariat must "break down" the governmental machinery, but that it must _modify_ it and _adapt_ it to the class needs. This is something quite different, of course. Moreover, it is the basis of the policy of the "opportunists." The Mensheviki and other moderate Socialists in Russia were trying to _modify_ and _adapt_ the political state. [10] The reference is to Karl Kautsky, the great German exponent of Marxian theory. [11] _The New International_ (American Bolshevik organ), June 30, 1917. [12] _The New International_, July 23, 1917. [13] Litvinov, _op. cit._, p. 31. [14] _The New International_, April, 1918. [15] See, _e.g._, the article by Lenine, _New International_, April, 1918, and Litvinov, _op. cit._ [16] See my _Syndicalism, Industrial Unionism, and Socialism_ for the I.W.W. philosophy. [17] Bryant, _Six Months in Red Russia_, p. 141. [18] This appeal is published as Appendix I at the end of this volume.