Transcriber’s note Variable spelling and hyphenation have been retained. Minor punctuation inconsistencies have been silently repaired. The index appears in the second volume. A list of the changes made can be found at the end of the book. Formatting and special characters are indicated as follows: _italics_ =bold= BOOKS AND THEIR MAKERS DURING THE MIDDLE AGES SUMMARY OF CONTENTS OF VOLUME II. THE FIRST PRINTER-PUBLISHERS OF FRANCE.--THE LATER ESTIENNES AND CASAUBON.--CAXTON AND THE INTRODUCTION OF PRINTING INTO ENGLAND.--THE KOBERGERS OF NUREMBERG.--FROBEN OF BASEL.--ERASMUS AND HIS BOOKS.--LUTHER AS AN AUTHOR.--PLANTIN OF ANTWERP.--THE ELZEVIRS OF LEYDEN AND AMSTERDAM.--ITALY: PRIVILEGES AND CENSORSHIP.--GERMANY: PRIVILEGES, AND BOOK-TRADE REGULATIONS.--FRANCE: PRIVILEGES, CENSORSHIP, AND LEGISLATION.--ENGLAND: PRIVILEGES, MONOPOLIES, CENSORSHIP, AND LEGISLATION.--CONCLUSION. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPTION OF LITERARY PROPERTY.--INDEX TO THE WORK. BOOKS AND THEIR MAKERS DURING THE MIDDLE AGES A STUDY OF THE CONDITIONS OF THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF LITERATURE FROM THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE TO THE CLOSE OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY BY GEO. HAVEN PUTNAM, A.M. AUTHOR OF “AUTHORS AND THEIR PUBLIC IN ANCIENT TIMES” “THE QUESTION OF COPYRIGHT,” ETC. VOLUME I. 476-1600 G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS NEW YORK LONDON 27 WEST TWENTY-THIRD STREET 24 BEDFORD STREET, STRAND The Knickerbocker Press 1896 COPYRIGHT, 1896 BY G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS _Entered at Stationers’ Hall, London_ The Knickerbocker Press, New Rochelle, N. Y. TO THE MEMORY OF MY WIFE WHO SERVED ME FOR YEARS BOTH AS EYESIGHT AND AS WRITING-ARM AND BY WHOSE HAND THE FOLLOWING PAGES WERE IN LARGE PART TRANSCRIBED THIS WORK IS DEDICATED [Illustration] PREFACE. IN a previous volume I undertook to describe, or rather to indicate, the methods of the production and distribution of the earlier literature of the world and to sketch out the relations which existed between the author and his public during the ages known, rather vaguely, as classic, that is, in the periods of literary activity in Greece and ancient Rome. The materials for such a record were at best but fragmentary, and it was doubtless the case that, in a first attempt of the kind, I failed to get before me not a few of the references which are scattered through the works of classic writers, and which in any fairly complete presentation of the subject ought to have been utilised.