There does not appear to be record of the loaning of manuscripts to students for their own transcribing, although in Paris this evidently formed an important portion of the manuscript business. In Bologna, as in Padua, the trade in bookbinding was directly associated with that of manuscript selling, and the _ligatori librorum_ carried on their work in the shops of the _librarii_. In Bologna, the manuscripts were in the main devoted to the subjects of the law and scholastic theology, while in Padua the more important division was medicine. The literary requirements, however, for doctors of law as for doctors of medicine, must have been at best but moderate. Savigny states that in the thirteenth century the collection of books belonging to a doctor of the law in Bologna rarely comprised more than from four to six volumes, and the medical collections were hardly as large. It is with the beginning of the fifteenth century that there comes to be a larger understanding of the relations of literature to education and a material increase in the demand in the university towns for supplies of books outside of the texts actually in use in the lecture room. Compayré gives the following list of the books required in the ordinary and in the extraordinary courses of law in Bologna, a list which was, he says, practically the same at Montpellier: The several works of the _Corpus Juris_ of Justinian, comprising the _Codex_ (which dates from 529), the _Digestum Vetus_, the _Infortiatum_, the _Digestum Novum_. These were identical with the three parts which the pupils of Irnerius distinguished as the _Pandects_ or _Digest_, the _Institutes_, the _Authenticum_. To these sources of the Roman law were later added the _Constitutiones_ of Frederick I. and Frederick II., and in Montpellier the _Usus Feudorum_, a collection of feudal laws. The statutes of the universities fixed the time within which the reading of the prescribed books must be completed. Professors were obliged, in entering upon their duties, to take the following oath: “I swear to read and to finish reading within the time fixed by the statutes, the books or parts of books which have been assigned for my lectures.” Severe penalties were inflicted on those whose courses had not been completed within the required time.[267] There ought, as a rule, to have been no difficulty in completing the task assigned, for each Faculty had, as a rule, only a single work or at most a single author assigned for its consideration. The Faculty of Arts had Aristotle, that of Civil Law the _Corpus Juris_ of Justinian, that of Common Law the _Decretals_ of Gratian. Compayré suggests that, according to the maxim of Seneca, _timeo hominem unius libri_, the Faculties of the Middle Ages might well have been awe-inspiring.