I.--THE MAKING OF BOOKS IN THE MONASTERIES 16 Cassiodorus and S. Benedict 17 The Earlier Monkish Scribes 30 The Ecclesiastical Schools and the Clerics as Scribes 36 Terms Used for Scribe-Work 42 S. Columba, the Apostle to Caledonia 45 Nuns as Scribes 51 Monkish Chroniclers 55 The Work of the Scriptorium 61 The Influence of the Scriptorium 81 The Literary Monks of England 90 The Earlier Monastery Schools 106 The Benedictines of the Continent 122 The Libraries of the Monasteries and Their Arrangements for the Exchange of Books 133 II.--SOME LIBRARIES OF THE MANUSCRIPT PERIOD 146 Public Libraries 161 Collections by Individuals 170 III.--THE MAKING OF BOOKS IN THE EARLY UNIVERSITIES 178 IV.--THE BOOK-TRADE IN THE MANUSCRIPT PERIOD 225 Italy 225 Books in Spain 253 The Manuscript Trade in France 255 Manuscript Dealers in Germany 276 The Manuscript Period in England 302 PART II.--THE EARLIER PRINTED BOOKS. I.--THE RENAISSANCE AS THE FORERUNNER OF THE PRINTING-PRESS 317 II.--THE INVENTION OF PRINTING AND THE WORK OF THE FIRST PRINTERS OF HOLLAND AND GERMANY 348 III.--THE PRINTER-PUBLISHERS OF ITALY, 1464-1600 403 Aldus Manutius 417 The Successors of Aldus 440 Milan 445 Lucca and Foligno 455 Florence 456 Genoa 458 [Illustration] [Illustration] BIBLIOGRAPHY. WORKS CITED OR REFERRED TO AS AUTHORITIES. _Abelard and the Origin and Early History of Universities._ By GABRIEL COMPAYRÉ. New York, 1893. _Actes Concernants le Pouvoir_, etc., _de l’Université de Paris_. Paris, 1698. ADAMS, G. B. _Civilization during the Middle Ages._ New York, 1894.