A second edition of _Réflexions Morales_ appeared in 1694 with the approval of De Noailles, then Bishop of Châlons, afterwards Archbishop of Paris. But a few years later, by the intrigues of the Jesuits, and by the order of Philip V., Quesnel was imprisoned at Mechlin. In 1703 he escaped and retired to Amsterdam, where he died in 1719. But the history of the book did not close with the author's death. It was condemned by Pope Clement XI. in 1708 as infected with Jansenism. Four years later an assembly of five cardinals and eleven theologians sat in judgment upon it; their deliberations lasted eighteen months, and the result of their labours was the famous Bull _Unigenitus_, which condemned one hundred and one propositions taken from the writings of Quesnel. The unreasonableness and injustice of this condemnation may be understood from the following extracts:-- Proposition 50.--"It is in vain that we cry to God, My _Father_, if it is not the Spirit of love that cries." This is described as "pernicious in practice, and offensive to pious ears." Proposition 54.--"It is love alone that speaks to God; it is love alone that God hears." This, according to the cardinals, "is scandalous, temerarious, impious, and erroneous." The acceptance of the Bull was a great stumbling-block to many churchmen. Louis XIV. forced it upon the French bishops, who were entertained at a sumptuous banquet given by the Archbishop of Strasbourg and by a large majority decided against the Quesnelites. It is unnecessary to follow the history of this controversy further. France was long agitated by it, and the Church of Holland was and is excommunicate from Rome mainly on account of its refusal to accept the Bull _Unigenitus_, which was called forth by and so unjustly condemned Quesnel's famous book. In connection with the history of this Bull we may mention the work of one of its most vehement opponents, Pierre François le Courayer, of the order of the canons regular of St. Augustine, who wrote a book of great interest to English churchmen, entitled _Dissertation sur la validité des Ordinations Anglicanes_ (Bruxelles, 1723, 2 vols., in-12). This book was condemned and its author excommunicated. He retired to the shelter of the Church whose right of succession he so ably defended, and died in London in 1776.