This conservation of water on such a great scale offers striking
contrast to the truly prodigal habits of certain plants that actually
drip water, so charged are they with this precious liquid, and so little
stress do their conditions of life put them under in this respect. Where
water is plentiful and turgor maintained almost to the bursting point,
evaporation in a moist or chilly atmosphere does not suck out water
vapor fast enough. Sometimes, around the edges of the leaves of the
common garden nasturtium, drops of water may be found, literally forced
out as drops, rather than transpired as water vapor. This happens to a
considerable number of plants, during the night when transpiration is
laggard, and such drops are usually mistaken for dew. The latter is
actually the condensation of moisture in the air upon the leaves of
plants which cool down more rapidly than the air, and seldom due to the
forcing out of drops of water from leaves, although in rare cases it may
be. In tropical forests, where the humidity is very heavy and water
supply from the roots copious, certain leaves leak water so fast and are
so constructed that this excess is prevented from accumulating on the
leaf. The pipal tree of India has long drip tips to its leaves that
conduct the excess water from the blade to the end of the slender tip
where it drips off. The advantage of these dripping points is obvious,
for in regions so humid that water is forced out of the leaf, the
coating of the leaf with this extra moisture would by that much retard
transpiration. Dripping points, which in less exaggerated forms than in
the pipal tree are common in many parts of the world, are thus of
decided advantage.
Whether it be desirous to retain water or to lose it by gradual
evaporation, or expel an excess of it, each species of plant has
developed the apparatus to best preserve its individual life. While only
the barest outline of these adjustments to the water requirements of
plants has been given here, the details form an almost dramatic picture
of struggle of the different kinds of plants for survival. The extremes
are the desert plants on the one hand and those of the rain forests in
the tropics on the other. The chapter on Plant Distribution will show
how important these water requirements of plants have been in
determining what grows on the earth to-day.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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