Negroes, first introduced, 37, 82; slavery abolished, 53; eminent men, 108, 109. Negro river, 159, 185, 202. Newspapers, 101–105. Nictheroy, 147, 324. Nine principal export articles, 318, 319. Nossa Senhora d’O, 60. Nova Europa, 69. Nova Friburgo, 57, 147. Nova Lusitania, 20. Nova Odessa, 68. Nova Veneza, 69. Novels, 98, 99. Nucleos, 58–72. O Obidos, 162. Ojeda, Alonzo de, 13. Olinda, 38, 91, 231, 244. Oliveira, Alberto de, 100. Oranges of Bahia, 258. Orchids, 309, 310. Orgão mountains, 4. Orellana, 16. Osasco, packing plant, 143, 211, 212. Ouro Preto, 46, 124, 259. P Packing-houses, 210–212. Pagés, 111, 112. Paina (kapok fibre), 252–3. Paper money in circulation, 281, 282. Pará City (Belem); foundation, 19; settlements, 37; Jesuits, 48; newspapers, 105; schools, 116; shipping, 162; coffee, 178; modern works, 185; rubber, 192, 197, 201; debt, 298. Parahyba, 41, 241, 271. Paranaguá, 133. Paranápanema river, 140. Paraná river, 23, 27, 124, 126, 136, 162. Paraná State, immigrants, 62, 68, 71; land, 73; matte forests, 133; railways, 138, 139; pine forests, 235; coal, 263; factories, 271; debts, 291; exports, 319. Pará State, 4; Portuguese colonies, 60; imports, 196; nut export, 274; debt, 298; exports, 319. Paraty, 138. Parceria system, 61. Parnahyba river, 155. Pastures, 215, 216, 218. Patronato Agricola, 67, 169. Paulista, Railway, 140. Paulo Affonso falls, 124; railway line, 155. Pauta, (export tax rate), 203. Peçanha, 60. Pedra Preta, 152. Pelotas, 298. Pernambuco, 17, 19, 20, 128, 129, 137, 241, 319; Dutch control, 38–41; land, 73; labour, 82; tropeiros, 86; churches, 91; industries, 265, 271; cotton cloth factory, 230–232; sugar, 244. Petropolis, 58, 126, 127, 147, 264, 270, 273, 290. Piassava, fibre, 254. Piauhy, 153, 155, 241, 271, 324. Pineapples, 258, 311. Pinto, Dr. Costa, 273. Pinzon, 11. Piquery River, 23. Piracicaba, school, 63, 64; sugar mill, 217, 242; agricultural college, 257. Piranhas, 155. Pirapora, 144, 145. Piso, 39, 307, 312, 313. Pita, fibre, 253. Plantation rubber, first experiments, 189, 190, 191; tax on, 204. Plants sent to Europe from Brazil, 306–314. Poets, Brazilian, 99, 100. Pombal, Marquis of, 45, 47, 48, 224. Ponta da Areia, 149. Ponta Grossa, 138, 139. Population, 55; separate states, 324. Porto Alegre, 6, 298, 324. Porto Seguro, 14, 48; Visconde de (Varnhagen, historian), 47, 106. Ports opened to world commerce, 50; modern port works, 54. Pottery, Marajó, 109, 110. Prado, Conselheiro Antonio, 140. Praia Formosa, 147. Press, 100–105; first established, 50. Putz, Theodore, 207. Q Quedas, Sete, 273. Queimados, 130. Queiros, Luis de, 19.