BRITAIN AT BAY BY SPENSER WILKINSON New York 1909 TO MY CHILDREN CONTENTS CHAPTER I. THE NATION AND THE PARTIES II. DEFEAT III. FORCE AND RIGHT IV. ARBITRATION AND DISARMAMENT V. THE NATIONALISATION OF WAR VI. THE BALANCE OF POWER VII. THE RISE OF GERMANY VIII. NATIONHOOD NEGLECTED IX. NEW CONDITIONS X. DYNAMICS--THE QUESTION OF MIGHT XI. POLICY--THE QUESTION OF RIGHT XII. THE NATION XIII. THE EFFECT OF THE NATIONALISATION OF WAR UPON LEADERSHIP XIV. THE NEEDS OF THE NAVY XV. ENGLAND'S MILITARY PROBLEM XVI. TWO SYSTEMS CONTRASTED XVII. A NATIONAL ARMY XVIII. THE COST XIX. ONE ARMY NOT TWO XX. THE TRANSITION XXI. THE PRINCIPLES ON WHICH ARMIES ARE RAISED XXII. THE CHAIN OF DUTY Chapters XIV. to XX. have appeared as articles in the _Morning Post_ and are by kind permission reproduced without substantial change. I. THE NATION AND THE PARTIES "I do not believe in the perfection of the British constitution as an instrument of war ... it is evident that there is something in your machinery that is wrong." These were the words of the late Marquis of Salisbury, speaking as Prime Minister in his place in the House of Lords on the 30th of January 1900. They amounted to a declaration by the British Government that it could not govern, for the first business of a Government is to be able to defend the State of which it has charge, that is, to carry on war. Strange to say, the people of England were undisturbed by so striking an admission of national failure. On the 16th of March 1909 came a new declaration from another Prime Minister. Mr. Asquith, on the introduction of the Navy Estimates, explained to the House of Commons that the Government had been surprised at the rate at which the new German navy was being constructed, and at the rapid growth of Germany's power to build battleships. But it is the first duty of a Government to provide for national security and to provide means to foresee. A Government that is surprised in a matter relating to war is already half defeated. The creation of the German navy is the creation of means that could be used to challenge Great Britain's sea power and all that depends upon it. There has been no such challenge these hundred years, no challenge so formidable as that represented by the new German fleet these three hundred years. It brings with it a crisis in the national life of England as great as has ever been known; yet this crisis finds the British nation divided, unready and uncertain what leadership it is to expect.