Tantallon Castle stands upon a bold spur of rock south of the Firth of Forth. It is a magnificent example of a Quadrangular Castle, surrounded upon three sides by the waters of the North Sea, and defended upon the remaining side by gigantic walls flanked by the Keep, and also a deep ditch. 31. Stirling Castle, Stirlingshire 192 Stirling Castle occupies a precipitous site upon the river Forth and is connected with the history of Scotland from a very early period. Of sieges and battles it has seen its full share, and although modern fortifications and barracks somewhat detract from its appearance, it still possesses a number of medieval structures of great beauty and interest. 32. Raising the Portcullis 196 The method for raising and lowering the Portcullis of a medieval castle is shown here, the example being taken from the Tower of London. This effective defence could be entirely detached if required and dropped at a critical moment when, perhaps, a few assailants had gained admission, and were in that manner cut off from their comrades. LINE DRAWINGS IN THE TEXT PAGE 1. A Trebuchet Title-page 2. Comb Moss, Derbyshire 11 3. Maiden Castle, West Entrance 16 4. Maiden Castle, East Entrance 17 5. Stockade of Stone and Rubble, with Palisade of Wood 19 6. Simple Stockade of Stone and Earth, retained by Wooden Stakes 20 7. Stone Stockade, with Inner Core of Masonry 20 8. Wooden Palisade of Tree-Trunks, strengthened with Earth 21 9. Badbury Rings, Dorset 23 10. The Berm of Cadbury Castle 24 11. Ravensburgh Castle, Hexton, Herts 26 12. Mam Tor, Derbyshire 28 13. Hunsbury, Northamptonshire 30 14. Yarnbury, Wilts 31 15. Melandra, Derbyshire 35 16. Section of the City Defences of Verulamium (near St. Albans) 37 17. Battlemented Parapet shown in Caedmon's Paraphrase 41 18. Battlements shown in Harl. MS. 603 41 19. The Danish Burh at Gannock's Castle, near Tempsford 44 20. Pevensey Castle 46 21. Clifford's Castle, Northants 51