CHAPTER V. _DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS._ Ducks—Characteristics—Non-diving Ducks—Characteristics of—Changes of Plumage—Sheldrake—Wigeon—Pintail Duck—Various other Species—Diving Ducks—Characteristics—Changes of Plumage—Eider Duck—King Eider—Common Scoter—Velvet Scoter—Scaup Duck—Tufted Duck—Pochard—Golden-eye—Long-tailed Duck—Mergansers— Characteristics and changes of Plumage—Red-breasted Merganser— Goosander—Smew—Geese—Characteristics—Gray Lag Goose— White-fronted Goose—Bean Goose—Brent Goose—Bernacle Goose—Swans—Characteristics—Changes of Plumage—Hooper Swan—Bewick’s Swan 185-240 CHAPTER VI. _PETRELS._ Petrels—Characteristics—Changes of Plumage—Fulmar Petrel— Fork-tailed Petrel—Stormy Petrel—Manx Shearwater 241-258 CHAPTER VII. _LITTORAL LAND BIRDS._ Littoral Land Birds—White-tailed Eagle—Peregrine Falcon— Raven—Jackdaw—Hooded Crow—Chough—Rock Pipit—Martins—Rock Dove—Stock Dove—Heron—Various other Species 259-278 CHAPTER VIII. _MIGRATION ON THE COAST._ The Best Coasts for Observing Migration—Migration of Species in Present Volume—Order of Appearance of Migratory Birds—In Spring—In Autumn—Spring Migration of Birds on the Coast—The Earliest Species to Migrate—Departure of Winter Visitors— Coasting Migrants—Arrival of Summer Visitors—Duration of Spring Migration—Autumn Migration of Birds on the Coast—The Earliest Arrivals—Departure of our Summer Birds—Arrival of Shore Birds—Direction of Flight—Change in this Direction to East—The Vast Rushes of Birds across the German Ocean—The Perils of Migration—Birds at Lighthouses and Light Vessels—Netting Birds—Rare Birds 279-295 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Black-backed Gull and Common Tern _Faces page_ 15 Ruffs—_Sparring_ ” ” 63 Guillemot and Razorbill ” ” 125 Great Northern Diver ” ” 153 Tufted Duck ” ” 187 The Stormy Petrel ” ” 243 The Chough ” ” 261 Migration Time (_on the Friskney foreshore_) ” ” 281 _Gulls and Terns_ [Illustration: BLACK-BACKED GULL AND COMMON TERN. Chapter i.] CHAPTER I. GULLS AND TERNS.