[FIG. 31.--The author's laryngeal rotation forceps.] [FIG. 32.--Enlarged view of the jaws of the author's vocal-nodule forceps. Larger cups are made for other purposes but these tiny cups permit of that extreme delicacy required in the excision of the nodules from the vocal cords of singers and other voice users.] [FIG 33.-Extra large laryngeal tissue forceps. 30 cm. long, for removing entire growths or large specimens of tissue. A smaller size is made.] _Bronchial Dilators_.--It is not uncommon to find a stricture of the bronchus superjacent to a foreign body that has been in situ for a period of months. In order to remove the foreign body, this stricture must be dilated, and for this the bronchial dilator shown in Fig. 25 was devised. The channel in each blade allows the closed dilator to be pushed down over the presenting point of such bodies as tacks, after which the blades are opened and the stricture stretched. A small and a large size are made. For enlarging the bronchial narrowing associated with pulmonary abscess and sometimes found above a bronchiectatic or foreign body cavity, the expanding dilator shown in Fig. 26 is perhaps less apt to cause injury than ordinary forceps used in the same way. The stretching is here produced by the spring of the blades of the forceps and not by manual force. The closed blades are to be inserted through the strictured area, opened, and then slowly withdrawn. For cicatricial stenoses of the trachea the metallic bougies, Fig. 40, are useful. For the larynx, those shown in Fig. 41 are needed. [FIG. 34.--A, Mosher's laryngeal curette; B, author's flat blade cautery electrode; C, pointed cautery electrode; D, laryngeal knife. The electrodes are insulated with hard-rubber vulcanized onto the conducting wires.] [FIG. 35.--Retrograde esophageal bougies in graduated sizes devised by Dr. Gabriel Tucker and the author for dilatation of cicatricial esophageal stenosis. They are drawn upward by an endless swallowed string, and are therefore only to be used in gastrostomized cases.] [FIG. 36.--Author's bronchoscopic and esophagoscopic mechanical spoon, made in 40, 50 and 60 cm. lengths.] [FIG. 37.--Schema illustrating the author's method of endoscopic closure of open safety pins lodged point upward The closer is passed down under ocular control until the ring, R, is below the pin. The ring is then erected to the position shown dotted at M, by moving the handle, H, downward to L and locking it there with the latch, Z. The fork, A, is then inserted and, engaging the pin at the spring loop, K, the pin is pushed into the ring, thus closing the pin. Slight rotation of the pin with the forceps may be necessary to get the point into the keeper. The upper instrument is sometimes useful as a mechanical spoon for removing large, smooth foreign bodies from the esophagus.]