BUDDHISM AND BUDDHISTS IN CHINA by LEWIS HODOUS, D.D. Contents PREFACE CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER II. THE ENTRANCE OF BUDDHISM INTO CHINA CHAPTER III. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF BUDDHISM AS THE PREDOMINATING RELIGION OF CHINA 1. The World of Invisible Spirits 2. The Universal Sense of Ancestor Control 3. Degenerate Taoism 4. The Organizing Value of Confucianism 5. Buddhism an Inclusive Religion CHAPTER IV. BUDDHISM AND THE PEASANT 1. The Monastery of Kushan 2. Monasteries Control Fêng-shui 3. Prayer for Rain (a) The altar (b) The prayer service (c) Its Meaning 4. Monasteries are Supported because They Control Fêng-shui CHAPTER V. BUDDHISM AND THE FAMILY 1. Kuan Yin, the Giver of Children and Protector of Women 2. Kuan Yin, the Model of Local Mother-Goddesses 3. Exhortations on Family Virtues 4. Services for the Dead CHAPTER VI. BUDDHISM AND SOCIAL LIFE 1. How the Laity is Trained in Buddhist Ideas 2. Effect of Ideals of Mercy and Universal Love 3. Relation to Confucian Ideal 4. The Embodiment of Buddhist Ideals in the Vegetarian Sects 5. Pilgrimages CHAPTER VII. BUDDHISM AND THE FUTURE LIFE 1. The Buddhist Purgatory 2. Its Social Value 3. The Buddhist Heaven 4. The Harmonization of These Ideas with Ancestor Worship CHAPTER VIII. THE SPIRITUAL VALUES EMPHASIZED BY BUDDHISM IN CHINA 1. The Threefold Classification of Men under Buddhism 2. Salvation for the Common Man 3. The Place of Faith 4. Salvation of the Second Class 5. Salvation for the Highest Class 6. Heaven and Purgatory 7. Sin 8. Nirvana 9. The Philosophical Background 10. What Buddhism Has to Give CHAPTER IX. PRESENT-DAY BUDDHISM 1. Periods of Buddhist History 2. The Progress of the Last Twenty-five Years 3. Present Activities (a) The reconstruction of monasteries (b) Accessions (c) Publications (d) Lectures (e) Buddhist societies (f) Signs of social ambition 4. The Attitude of Tibetan Lamas 5. The Buddhist World Versus the Christian World CHAPTER X. THE CHRISTIAN APPROACH TO BUDDHISTS 1. Questions which Buddhists Ask 2. Knowledge and Sympathy 3. Emphasis on the Æsthetic in Christianity 4. Emphasis on the Mystical in Christianity 5. Emphasis on the Social Elements in Christianity 6. Emphasis on the Person of Jesus Christ (a) As a Historical Character (b) As the Revealer (c) As the Saviour (d) As the Eternal Son of God 7. How Christianity Expresses Itself in Buddhist Minds 8. Christianity’s Constructive Values APPENDIX ONE, Hints for the Preliminary Study of Buddhism in China APPENDIX TWO, A Brief Bibliography PREFACE