“It may be safely asserted that no Aryan race, while existing in anything like purity, was ever converted to Buddhism, or could permanently adopt its doctrines.”—Fergusson, _Tree and Serpent Worship_, p. 67. The old Turanian race, far from being savage, or even barbarous, not only laid the basis of Chinese civilisation, but seems to have been also the first civiliser of Western Asia, and the first to spread art and science along the southern coasts of Europe. The Iberian, Etruscan, Phœnician, Hittite, even Egyptian monuments, are now acknowledged to be relics of this mighty race, which must have sent horde after horde over Asia and Europe long before the historic advance westwards in the thirteenth century A.D.; its latest invasion of India may have been represented, not by Scythian ancestors of Buddha, but the Sikhs.—Conder, “Early Races of Western Asia,” _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ August 1889, pp. 30-43. Footnote 345: Sir Monier Williams, _Buddhism_, Introduction; Eitel, _Lectures on Buddhism_. Footnote 346: Sir Monier Williams, _Buddhism_, pp. 114, 156. Footnote 347: Wassilief, _Le Bouddhisme_, etc., pp. 14, 18. Footnote 348: Dêvadatta’s Five Points (Kullavagga, vii. 3. 14, 15) all insist upon a more ascetic rule than the Sangha practised. Footnote 349: Stanley, _Eastern Church_, pp. 45, 50. Footnote 350: Turnour, “Pali Bud. Annals,” _Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng._ vol. vi. p. 729; Wassilief, _Le Bouddhisme, etc._, p. 18. Footnote 351: The beginning of the dissensions is related in Kullavagga vii. with much legendary adornment. There too, in vii. 5, and in Mahavagga, x. 1. 6, the distinction is drawn between “dissension” and “schism,” and the woe predicted for the breaker-up of the Sangha when it was at peace: “He is boiled for a kalpa in Niraya, doomed for so long to a penance of misery.” The reconciler of a divided Sangha was made happy for a kalpa in heaven. Footnote 352: T. W. Rhys Davids, _Handbook of Buddhism_, p. 182. Footnote 353: Beal, _Chinese Buddhism_, p. 101: “a worship of association and memory.” Footnote 354: Agni. Indra, Sūrya; Kern, _Buddhismus_, vol. ii. p. 156; Sir Monier Williams, _Buddhism_, p. 175. Footnote 355: “A being whose essence (sattva) has become intelligence (bodhu) derived from _self-enlightening_ intellect, and who has only once more to pass through human existence before attaining Buddhahood.”—Eitel, _Sanskrit-Chinese Dict._, p. 26; Sir Monier Williams’ _Buddhism_, p. 98. Footnote 356: Wassilief, _Le Bouddhisme, etc._, pp. 124 _seq._; Burnouf, _Le Lotus de la bonne Loi_, p. 302. Footnote 357: