THE MOURNING-CLOAK 177 SOME COMMON SKIPPERS 192 THE STAGES OF THE VICEROY 193 BANDED PURPLE, RED-SPOTTED PURPLE, AND BLUE-EYED GRAYLING 208 THREE EMPEROR BUTTERFLIES 209 THE ZEBRA BUTTERFLY 224 MONARCH BUTTERFLY, CRYSALIS AND CATERPILLAR 241 SPRING AZURE, FALCATE ORANGE-TIP, BRONZE COPPER, AND GREAT PURPLE HAIR-STREAK 256 SILVER-SPOTTED SKIPPER 273 LIST OF OTHER PLATES PAGE SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLY JUST OUT OF CHRYSALIS 16 TIGER SWALLOWTAIL; HAMMOCK CATERPILLAR 17 BUTTERFLY FEIGNING DEATH; BUTTERFLY IN HIBERNATING POSITION 32 MONARCH BUTTERFLY: CHANGE FROM CATERPILLAR TO CHRYSALIS 32-33 MONARCH BUTTERFLY: CHANGE FROM CHRYSALIS TO ADULT 32-33 MIGRATION OF MONARCH BUTTERFLIES 48-49 THE IMPROVED OPEN VIVARIUM 48-49 BLACK SWALLOWTAIL VISITING THISTLE 64-65 IMPORTED CABBAGE BUTTERFLY, MAGNIFIED 64-65 IMPORTED CABBAGE BUTTERFLY; BLUE-EYED GRAYLING 81 FOUR-FOOTED BUTTERFLIES: VICEROY AND MOURNING-CLOAK 145 MONARCH BUTTERFLY RESTING; FLASHLIGHT PHOTOGRAPH OF MONARCHS IN MIGRATION 160 PHOTOGRAPHS OF A PET MONARCH BUTTERFLY 225 THE SNOUT BUTTERFLY; THE GIANT SWALLOWTAIL 240 STAGES OF THE GRAY HAIR-STREAK 257 THE SILVER-SPOTTED SKIPPER 272 BUTTERFLIES WORTH KNOWING BUTTERFLIES PART I INTRODUCTION In popular esteem the butterflies among the insects are what the birds are among the higher animals--the most attractive and beautiful members of the great group to which they belong. They are primarily day fliers and are remarkable for the delicacy and beauty of their membranous wings, covered with myriads of tiny scales that overlap one another like the shingles on a house and show an infinite variety of hue through the coloring of the scales and their arrangement upon the translucent membrane running between the wing veins. It is this characteristic structure of the wings that gives to the great order of butterflies and moths its name Lepidoptera, meaning scale-winged. In the general structure of the body, the butterflies resemble other insects. There are three chief divisions: head, thorax, and abdomen. The head bears the principal sense organs; the thorax, the organs of locomotion; and the abdomen, the organs of reproduction.