Caesar, Julius; Rome -- History -- Republic, 265-30 B.C.
Civil affairs were in the wildest confusion. The Senate had fled; the
administration had been left to Antony, whose knowledge of business was
not of a high order; and over the whole of Italy hung the terror of
Pompey's fleet and of an Asiatic invasion. Public credit was shaken.
Debts had not been paid since the civil war began. Moneylenders had
charged usurious interest for default, and debtors were crying for
_novae tabulae_, and hoped to clear themselves by bankruptcy. Caesar
had but small leisure for such matters. Pompey had been allowed too
long a respite, and unless he sought Pompey in Greece, Pompey would be
seeking him at home, and the horrid scenes of Sylla's wars would be
enacted over again. He did what he could, risking the loss of the favor
of the mob by disappointing dishonest expectations. Estimates were
drawn of all debts as they stood twelve months before. The principal
was declared to be still due. The interest for the interval was
cancelled. Many persons complained of injustice which they had met with
in the courts of law during the time that Pompey was in power. Caesar
refused to revise the sentences himself, lest he should seem to be
encroaching on functions not belonging to him; but he directed that
such causes should be heard again.
Eleven days were all he could afford to Rome. So swift was Caesar that
his greatest exploits were measured by days. He had to settle accounts
with Pompey while it was still winter, and while Pompey's preparations
for the invasion of Italy were still incomplete; and he and his
veterans, scarcely allowing themselves a breathing-time, went down to
Brindisi.
It was now the beginning of January by the unreformed calendar (by the
seasons the middle of October)--a year within a few days since Caesar
had crossed the Rubicon. He had nominally twelve legions under him. But
long marches had thinned the ranks of his old and best-tried troops.
The change from the dry climate of Gaul and Spain to the south of Italy
in a wet autumn had affected the health of the rest, and there were
many invalids. The force available for field service was small for the
work which was before it: in all not more than 30,000 men. Pompey's
army lay immediately opposite Brindisi, at Durazzo. It was described
afterward as inharmonious and ill-disciplined, but so far as report
went at the time Caesar had never encountered so formidable an enemy.
There were nine legions of Roman citizens with their complements full.
Two more were coming up with Scipio from Syria. Besides these there
were auxiliaries from the allied princes in the East; corps from Greece
and Asia Minor, slingers and archers from Crete and the islands. Of
money, of stores of all kinds, there was abundance, for the Eastern
revenue had been all paid for the last year to Pompey, and he had
levied impositions at his pleasure.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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