Athapascan Indians; Indians of North America -- California
Kato: The Kato probably included at least 2 tribelets, but we
have no information on this point.
Eel River Wailaki: 9 tribelets.
North Fork Wailaki: 6 tribelets.
Pitch Wailaki: 4 tribelets.
Lassik: Probably several tribelets, but there is no
information.
Nongatl: There is evidence of 6 subgroups of the Nongatl. Some
of these may be dialect divisions, that is, tribes. The information
is not sufficient to permit definition and they have therefore been
grouped under Nongatl. The extent of Nongatl territory indicates
that there must have been several tribelets.
Lolangkok Sinkyone: There were at least 2, and possibly more,
tribelets.
Shelter Cove Sinkyone: There were at least 4 tribelets.
Mattole: 2 tribelets.
Bear River: The Bear River tribe consists of a single tribelet.
Whilkut: The 4 subdivisions of the Whilkut--Chilula Whilkut,
Kloki Whilkut, Mad River Whilkut, and North Fork Whilkut--all
appear to be tribelets. It is possible that the Mad River Whilkut
spoke a different dialect than the other groups and, if so, they
should be given tribal status. The evidence is not clear on this
point and I have therefore included them simply as a Whilkut
tribelet.
Hupa: 2 tribelets are to be distinguished for the Hupa
proper. In addition, Merriam distinguishes the South Fork Hupa
as a distinct dialect division. The linguistic separation is not
supported by Goddard or Kroeber and I have therefore included the
South Fork Hupa under the Hupa proper, but as a separate tribelet.
This gives a total of 3 tribelets for the Hupa.
In general, it may be stated that the California Athabascans did not
have the strong local organization characteristic of Central California.
Emphasis on wealth, although present, was less strongly developed than
among the Yurok and therefore did not lead to the fragmented villages
and tight family organization of that group. This statement, of course,
does not apply to the Hupa, and probably not to the Whilkut, both of
which were more like the Yurok.
_Religion and the supernatural._--The clearest account of the religious
practices of the Athabascans is given by Nomland (1938, pp. 93-98),
who obtained her information from the Bear River woman, Nora Coonskin,
herself a shaman. The account, however, may not be representative of the
Athabascans as a whole.
The Athabascans thought that each person had a spirit which, leaving him
when he died, might come back to earth as a small creature about two
feet high. This returned spirit could communicate with shamans. When a
person had a fainting spell, the spirit departed from the body and a
shaman had to be called in order to get the patient's spirit back. If
the shaman failed, the patient died. Shamans' spirits went to a special
afterworld and were accompanied only by the spirits of other shamans.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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