Metaphysical and moral philosophy:--(_a_) analysis of knowledge, material and formal elements of knowledge, self-consciousness, uniformity and continuity of experience. (_b_) identity and difference, relation, space and time, unity and number, substance, cause. (_c_) certainty, and necessities of thought. (_d_) fundamental assumptions of physical science--causality, continuity etc. (_e_) sources and limits of knowledge, relativity of knowledge, phenomena, and things in themselves. (_f_) fundamental assumptions of ethics, absolute and relative ethics, intuitionism, utilitarianism, evolutionism, transcendentalism. (_g_) mechanical and dynamical theories of matter, relations of mind and matter, problem of the external world, idealism, dualism, freedom of intelligence, and of will, good and evil in the universe, teleology. [305] Even if the candidate answer most of the tripos papers the conditions of the _aegrotat_ degree preclude his being placed in any one of the classes. Edmund Spenser the poet and Lancelot Andrewes the scholar-bishop were both on the _aegrotat_ list of Pembroke College--in 1571--before, however, this necessarily implied absence from any of the university “acts.” [306] Since going to press, this change has been effected. [307] See chap. iv. p. 225. [308] This professorship was an expansion of the natural science lectureships founded by the great Linacre. [309] A chair of history was endowed by Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke, with £100 a year, in the reign of Charles I. It no longer exists. [310] A list of the professorships, with date of creation and emoluments, and of the readers and lecturers, appears in the University Calendar every year. There were no less than 7 chairs of medicine and natural science before 1851 when the tripos was created. The chairs existed, but with no scientific school to support them. [311] In 1524 the executors of Sir Robert Rede, Lord Chief Justice, endowed _tres liberae lecturae_ in humane letters, logic, and philosophy; and many distinguished men have been invited to deliver this annual lecture. The Hulsean lecture was founded in the xviii c. The first _exhibitions_ were founded in the xiii c. by Kilkenny, 9th Bishop of Ely, Balsham’s predecessor, for “2 priests studying divinity in Cambridge.” [312] Towards the end of the xv c. we have several instances of papal degrees conferred on members of religious orders which were followed by incorporation and full membership of Cambridge university. Thus _frater Steele_ “of Rome” was incorporated in 1492, and _frater Raddyng_ as a doctor five years later. [313] 1539 Eligius Ferrers, _D.D._; 1544 a Venetian _B.A. ad eundem_; 1559, _circa_, a _B.D._; 1615 an _M.A._ created _B.D._; 1617 the same; 1619 an _M.A._; 1635 the archdeacon of Essex _M.A._, is created _B.D._ [314] Archbishop Sumner (1848-62) 120 degrees; Langley (1862-68) 46; Tait (1868-82) 101; Benson (1882-96) 55; Temple (1896-1903) 12.