In more recent times the deeds of Busby and Keate at Westminster and Eton respectively are preserved in tradition, while the reputation of Udall at an earlier time, _circ._ 1530, may be gathered from the remarks of Thomas Tusser, a choirboy at St Paul's Cathedral, who subsequently went to Eton: Tusser says, "From Paul's I went, to Eton sent, To learn straightways the Latin phrase Where fifty-three stripes giv'n to me, at once I had. For faults but small, or none at all, It came to pass thus beat I was." The similar vigour of Udall's successor, Cox, is mentioned by Ascham. In short, the old saw: "Spare the rod, and spoil the child, Solomon said in accents mild, Be it boy or be it maid, Whip 'em and wallop 'em Solomon said" represented the current belief and practice of former days; though the dictum attributed to that king is stronger than the passage in Proverbs, xiii, 24 warrants. In the sixteenth century the colleges opened their doors to the admission of pensioners and fellow-commoners. Collegiate teaching and arrangements were superior to those of the private hostels, and before the middle of the century the latter had disappeared: their revival was rendered impossible by a regulation that membership of the University should be confined to those who were members of a college. Shortly afterwards it became the custom not to require residence for degrees after the baccalaureate, and thus a course limited to three or four years became usual for the average student. These changes were of far-reaching importance. In the course of this century new statutes were given to the University and colleges, and subsequently we possess records, fairly complete, of the domestic life of students. Early in the following century, the average age of entry began to rise, and before its close, it had become common for students to defer entry until about seventeen years old. University decrees regulating the conduct of students in many matters now appear, notably one in 1595 by Goad, then vice-chancellor, which gives a summary of what was expected. Expulsion, suspension from degrees, and refusal of leave to graduate until after a specified time, were normal punishments for serious offences, for trivial misconduct fines are now constantly prescribed, and physical punishments for non-adults are also directed in many cases.