* To explain these dates it is necessary to note that Champlain lived for years in one of the buildings of the Fort of Saint Louis which he first erected, and the name chateau is often applied to that structure; but the chateau, properly so-called, was not commenced until 1647, and it as well as its successors was within the limits of the fort. It was demolished in 1694 by Governor Frontenac, who rebuilt it on the original foundations, and it was this castle which, in a remodelled and enlarged form, under the English regime, lasted until 1834. {xiv} PORTRAIT OF JACQUES CARTIER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 _From B. Sulte's "Histoire des Canadiens-Francais" (Montreal, 1882-'84)._ ANCIENT HOCHELAGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 _From Ramusio's "Navigationi e Viaggi" (Venice, 1565)._ THE "DAUPHIN MAP" OF CANADA, _circa_ 1543, SHOWING CARTIER'S DISCOVERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 _From collection of maps in Parliamentary Library at Ottawa._ PLAN OF PORT ROYAL IN ACADIA IN 1605 . . . . . . . . . . . 57 _From Champlain's works, rare Paris ed. of 1613._ CHAMPLAIN'S PORTRAIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 _From B. Sulte's "Histoire des Canadiens-Francais."_ HABITATION DE QUEBEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 _From Champlain's works, rare Paris ed. of 1613._ CHAMPLAIN'S LOST ASTROLABE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 _From sketch by A. J. Russell, of Ottawa, 1879._ ONONDAGA FORT IN THE IROQUOIS COUNTRY . . . . . . . . . . 83 _From Champlain's works, rare Paris ed. of 1613._ INDIAN COSTUMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 _From Lafitau's "Moeurs des Sauvages" (Paris, 1724)._ IROQUOIS LONG HOUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 _From Morgan's "Houses and Home Life of the Aborigines" (Washington, 1881)._ PORTRAIT OF MARIE GUYARD (MERE MARIE DE L'INCARNATION) . . 131 _From S. Sulte's "Histoire des Canadiens-Francais."_ PORTRAIT OF MAISONNEUVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 _Ibid._ PORTRAIT OF LAVAL, FIRST CANADIAN BISHOP . . . . . . . . . 159 _Ibid._ {xv} CARD ISSUE (PAPER MONEY) OF 1729, FOR 12 LIVRES . . . . . 162 _From Breton's "Illustrated History of Coins and Tokens Relating to Canada" (Montreal, 1892)._ CANADIAN FIFTEEN SOL PIECE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 _Ibid._ CANADIAN TRAPPER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 _From La Potherie's "Histoire de l'Amerique Septentrionale" (Paris, 1753)._ PORTRAIT AND AUTOGRAPH OF CAVELIER DE LA SALLE . . . . . . 185 _B. Sulte's "Histoire des Canadiens-Francais."_ FRONTENAC, FROM HEBERT'S STATUE AT QUEBEC . . . . . . . . 193 _From Dr. Stewart's collection of Quebec photographs._ CAPTURE OF FORT NELSON IN HUDSON BAY, BY THE FRENCH . . . 205 _From La Potherie's "Histoire de l'Amerique Septentrionale."_