Two other important inventions, which had a great influence in extending the scope of the trade, were developed in the thirties of the last century. The one was the development of the tapestry process of printing and weaving carpets by Mr. Whytock, of Edinburgh and Glasgow. This process enabled a greater range of colours to be used than was previously possible, and also allowed a cheaper fabric to be produced. After initial opposition, the process was developed in Scotland; and finally, about the year 1842, Halifax became the centre of the Tapestry weaving. Firms in other towns were licensed, and the process was so widely taken up that in 1850 there were 1,299 Tapestry hand-looms at work in England and Scotland, as against 2,500 hand Brussels looms. The other notable invention was that of Mr. James Templeton, of Glasgow, who in 1839 patented a novel device for the manufacture of patent Axminster carpets by a two-fold process. This also admitted of a large range of shades. The invention has since been considerably developed, and has contributed largely to the extension of the carpet industry. From small beginnings, early in the nineteenth century the manufacture of carpets had grown in the course of 50 years to an important industry in the United States, and was well established in Philadelphia and other centres. Both in England and America the most able inventors had turned their attention to the problem of weaving by power. Mr. Collier, who had been successful in weaving linen by power, produced, in conjunction with Messrs. Crossley, of Halifax, a loom for the weaving of Tapestry and Brussels. The problem had, however, been solved by Mr. E. P. Bigelow, in America, and the Bigelow patent was acquired by Messrs. Crossley. The introduction of the power-loom created a great change in the industry. The transition period from hand-weaving to power-weaving was a period of anxiety to manufacturers and of privation to the old hand-loom weavers; but the situation was everywhere faced, and from the first introduction of power-loom weaving ever-increasing quantities of carpets have been woven, both for home consumption and for export. In the seventies of the last century another step forward was the remarkable invention of the Moquette or Royal Axminster loom by Alexander Smith & Sons, of Yonkers, N.Y. This loom was introduced to England by Messrs. Tomkinson & Adam, of Kidderminster; and the invention has caused a still further extension of the carpet trade both at home and abroad. CHAPTER II MATERIALS