Both to left and right of the blocked doorway are small windows in the north and south rooms. The left window is round and the right window is square. In the 1880’s, Ed Schieffelin, the founder of Tombstone, Arizona, took this photograph of the Casa Grande. The structure has deteriorated little since then. 7. South Side. Here are two more blocked doorways that originally led into the west second and third-story rooms. Doorways made by these Indians are smaller than modern entryways, but this does not mean that the people were small. During bad weather these openings could have been closed off with mats and skins, and the smaller the doorway, the easier it was to block. Moreover, it let in less cold air. [Illustration: _West Side of the Casa Grande_] The round holes in a line between the doorways were beam sockets. Poles of pinyon pine and/or juniper formed the ceilings and spanned the width of the room. [Illustration: _Cross-section Drawing of a Roof._] The interior plaster of the west wall was made from caliche, ground fine in a stone mortar and with the gravel sifted out. This plaster is more than 650 years old. Names cut into the plaster date from the last half of the last century, and were cut into the plaster before the ruin was protected by the Federal government. Because of these names, and the fact that the interior of the Casa Grande may easily be vandalized, visitors are permitted to enter the ruin only on ranger-conducted guided tours. 8. Southeast Corner. The walls of the Casa Grande are heavy and massive, ranging in thickness from 4½ to 1¾ feet. To save work and to reduce weight on the foundation, the Indians narrowed the walls as they built them up. The outside surface bows inward as the wall rises. The inside surface, however, is nearly vertical. (_See_ photo). [Illustration: _Southeast Corner of the Casa Grande_] 9. Buried Walls. If you look closely at the surface of the ground you can see the tops of the walls of some rooms. These rooms are unexcavated. Probably the floor of this room is less than one foot below ground surface, and only the foundations of the walls remain. 10. Southwest Building. The high walls shown at top of the next page are all that remain of a three-story building that stood in this southwest corner of the walled village. These rooms apparently were living rooms where several families slept, worked, and stored their food, tools, and clothing. One of the large red Hohokam jars in the Visitor Center exhibit room was recovered near here. 11. Outer Wall. This is another part of the village wall. To save labor, the west side of the three-story building was built against the wall. During the winter of 1906-07, Dr. J. W. Fewkes conducted excavations in this ruin for the Smithsonian Institution. He found debris along the outside of the wall indicating that it once stood 7 to 11 feet high. (Bottom, left). [Illustration: _Southwest Building_] [Illustration: _Outer Wall_]