The Vatican Council--The Doctrine of Papal Infallibility--Victor Emmanuel determines on the Occupation of Rome--The Popular Vote--The Papal Guarantees--The Spanish Throne--The Savoy Candidature--Death of Prim--Paris after the Revolution of September--Jules Favre's Circular--Bismarck's Reply--The Negotiations at Ferrières--The Fortifications of Paris--The Investment completed--Thiers and Gambetta--Fall of Strasburg--Bazaine in Metz--Regnier's Intrigue--The Army of Metz capitulates--Thiers negotiates in vain--The Army of the Loire--D'Aurelle de Paladines reoccupies Orleans--Chanzy's Defeat and Recapture of Orleans--The Second Army of the Loire--Garibaldi in the East--The New Year in Paris--Dispositions of the German Armies--Battle of Amiens--Faídherbe's Campaign--Bapaume--St. Quentin--An Unpleasant Incident--Le Mans--The Bombardment of Paris--The Armistice--Termination of the Siege--Bourbaki's Attempt--Action at Villersexel--The Eastern Army crosses the Swiss Frontier--The National Assembly at Bordeaux--Prolongation of the Armistice--Resignation of Gambetta--Preliminaries of Peace--Occupation of Paris--Acceptance of the Preliminaries--The Definitive Treaty--German Unity 571 CHAPTER XXXVI. THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (_continued_). Army Reform--Mr. Trevelyan's Agitation--The Abolition of Purchase--Mr. Cardwell's Bill--History of Purchase--Military Opposition in the Commons--Rejection of the Bill by the House of Lords--Abolition of Purchase by Royal Warrant--Indignation in Parliament--The cost of Compensation--Mr. Lowe's Budget--The Match-Tax--Its withdrawal--Mr. Goschen succeeds Mr. Childers--The Ballot Bill--The Epping Forest Bill--Rejected Measures--The Religious Tests Bill--Marriage of the Princess Louise--Sir Charles Dilke's Lecture--The real State of the Civil List--Illness of the Prince of Wales--Crises of the Disease--The Prayers of the Nation--The Thanksgiving Service--Unpopularity of the Government--The 25th Clause--Landing of the ex-Emperor of the French--Resignation of Speaker Denison--Riot in Dublin--The Home Rule Movement--Mr. Gladstone at Aberdeen--Assassination of Mr. Justice Norman--Australian Federation--Russia repudiates the Black Sea Clauses--Lord Granville's Despatch--Prince Gortschakoff's Reply--A Conference suggested--Meeting of the Plenipotentiaries--Their Deliberations--Settlement of the Difficulty--Obituary of the Year--Sir John Burgoyne, Lord Ellenborough, Grote, Sir William Denison, and others 595 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, 1851 1 Prince Albert 5 The _Coup d' État:_ Eviction of the Judges 9