###################################################################### Transcriber’s Notes This e-text is based on ‘Cassell’s Natural History, Vol. I,’ from 1896. Inconsistent and uncommon spelling and hyphenation have been retained; punctuation and typographical errors have been corrected. In the original book, Chapter XI of the order ‘Quadrumana’ (page 185) had been erroneously named ‘Chapter IX.’ The correct sequence of chapter numbers has been restored. In the List of Illustrations, some image titles do not match the illustrations presented in the text. The following titles have been changed: ‘The Green and RedMonkeys’ --> ‘The Gorilla’ (facing page 111) ‘The Sacred Baboon’ --> ‘The Chimpanzee’ (facing page 137) ‘A Group of Lemuroids’ --> ‘Anubis Baboon’ (facing page 211) The list item ‘Hand of the Spider Monkey’ has been added by the transcriber. The printed book shows some references to numbered ‘Plates’ (full-page images). This numbering scheme seems to originate from an earlier edition. Even though the present edition shows no image numbers, all original references have been retained. Special characters have been used to highlight the following font styles: italic: _underscores_ larger font: +plus signs+ Small capitals have been converted to UPPERCASE LETTERS. ###################################################################### [Illustration: ORANG-UTAN AND CHIMPANZEES IN THE BERLIN AQUARIUM. (_From an Original Drawing._)] [Illustration: CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED, LITH. LONDON. BIRDS. 1. Gould’s Humming Bird (_Ornismya gouldii_). 2. Kingfisher. (_Alcedo ispida_). 3. Arctic Tern (_Sterna hirundo_). 4. White-bellied Swift (_Cypselus melba_). 5. Smew (_Mercus albellus_). 6. Penguin (_Pygoscelis tæniata_). 7. The Amazon Parrot (_Chrysotis_). 8. Heron (_Ardea cinerea_). 9. Eared Owl (_Asio otus_). 10. White-tailed Eagle (_Haliaëtus albicilla_). 11. Black-headed Gros-beak (_Coccothraustes erythromelas_). 12. Impeyan Pheasant (_Lophophorus sclateri_). 13. Common Rhea (_Rhea americana_). 14. Crown Pigeon (_Goura scheepmakeri_). ] CASSELL’S NATURAL HISTORY EDITED BY P. MARTIN DUNCAN, M.B. (LOND.), F.R.S., F.G.S. PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN AND HONORARY FELLOW OF KING’S COLLEGE, LONDON; CORRESPONDENT OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA VOL. I. _ILLUSTRATED_ CASSELL AND COMPANY, LIMITED _LONDON, PARIS & MELBOURNE_ 1896 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED [Illustration] APES AND MONKEYS. PROFESSOR P. MARTIN DUNCAN, M.B. (LOND.), F.R.S. F.G.S., &c. LEMURS.