###################################################################### Transcriber’s Notes This e-text is based on ‘Cassell’s Natural History, Vol. III,’ from 1893. Inconsistent and uncommon spelling and hyphenation have been retained; punctuation and typographical errors have been corrected. The spelling of toponyms might differ slightly from today’s orthographical conventions. _Underscores_ have been used to indicate italic text in the original. Small capitals have been converted to UPPERCASE LETTERS. ###################################################################### [Illustration: CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED, LITH. LONDON. DEER FAMILY. 1. Indian Muntjac (_Cervulus muntjac_). 2. Reindeer (_Rangifer tarandus_). 3. Javan Deerlet (_Tragulus napu_). 4. Fallow Deer (_Dama vulgaris_). 5. Wapiti Deer (_Cervus strongyloceros_). 6. Porcine Deer (_Hyelaphus porcinus_). 7. Roebuck (_Capreolus caprea_). 8. Elk (_Alces machlis_). 9. Chinese Water Deer (_Hydropotes inermis_). ] CASSELL’S NATURAL HISTORY EDITED BY P. MARTIN DUNCAN M.B. (LOND.) F.R.S. F.G.S. PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN AND HONORARY FELLOW OF KING’S COLLEGE LONDON CORRESPONDENT OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES PHILADELPHIA VOL. III. _ILLUSTRATED_ CASSELL AND COMPANY LIMITED _LONDON PARIS & MELBOURNE_ 1893 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED UNGULATA:-- RUMINANTIA. A. H. GARROD, M.A., F.R.S. RODENTIA. W. S. DALLAS, F.L.S. EDENTATA. P. MARTIN DUNCAN, M.B. (LOND.), F.R.S., F.G.S. MARSUPIALIA. P. MARTIN DUNCAN, M.B. (LOND.), F.R.S., F.G.S. AVES. R. BOWDLER SHARPE, F.L.S., F.Z.S. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. ARTIODACTYLA--RUMINANTIA: BOVIDÆ--SHEEP, GOATS, AND GAZELLES. PAGE