The fossil Edentata are mostly gigantic, and formerly lived in Europe and in the Americas. The European kinds would, were they now living, belong probably to the group of Pangolins, and they are placed in the extinct genera _Pervatherium_, _Macrotherium_, and _Ancylotherium_. In the Pliocene deposits of North America, there are large Edentates belonging to the genus _Morotherium_, and the previous Miocene deposits contain _Moropus_. The later, or Post-Pliocene strata of North and South America, contain species of _Mylodon_ and _Megalonyx_, _Megatherium_, _Scelidotherium_, _Cœlodon_, and _Sphenodon_; they constitute a group of Terrestrial Sloths--the Gravigrada. In Cuba, the fossil huge Gravigrade Sloths are of the genera _Megalocnus_ and _Myomorphus_. The Armadillo group are found fossil in South America, and the genera are _Chlamydotherium_, _Euryodon_, _Heterodon_, _Pachytherium_, and _Schistopleuron_. The modern genera are found with these, and the gigantic Armadillo-like animal, the Glyptodon, lived contemporaneously with the others, and possessed many strange peculiarities in its skeleton. The Ant-eaters are represented by a fossil form called _Glossotherium_. The oldest Edentates of the American Continent are found in North America, unless there is a Miocene group of them in South America, which is by no means an improbable supposition. The European Ant-eaters now found fossil lived in the Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene ages. With regard to the discovery of recent and closely-allied species of _Manis_, in South Africa and Hindostan, it may be said that they are relics of the old forms of the intermediate and now sunken land, between Eastern Africa and India, which existed before the last upheaval of the Himalayas. The evident structural affinity between the Effodient Edentata of South America and Africa, although the genera are different, adds to the interest of the corresponding, and in some instances greater, resemblance of many African and South American fresh-water fish and plants. The geologist looks back in the remote ages of the globe, when the great land surfaces and seas of the world were rather across the earth than in their present longitudinal position, in order to explain this remarkable similarity. P. MARTIN DUNCAN. [Illustration: GREAT KANGAROO.] ORDER MARSUPIALIA, MARSUPIAL OR POUCHED ANIMALS. CHAPTER I. SUB-ORDER MARSUPIATA.--THE KANGAROO AND WOMBAT FAMILIES.