Chakkiliyans, like the Telugu Madigas, have exogamous septs called gotra in the north, and kilai in the south. Unlike the Madigas, they do not carry out the practice of making Basavis (dedicated prostitutes). The correlation of the most important measurements of the Madigas of the Telugu country, and so-called Chakkiliyans of the city of Madras, is clearly brought out by the following figures:-- Thirty Madigas. Fifty Chakkiliyans. cm. cm. Stature 163.1 162.2 Cephalic length 18.6 18.6 Cephalic breadth 13.9 13.9 Cephalic index 75. 75. Nasal height 4.5 4.6 Nasal breadth 3.7 3.6 Nasal index 80.8 78.9 The Chakkiliyan men in Madras are tattooed not only on the forehead, but also with their name, conventional devices, dancing-girls, etc., on the chest and upper extremities. It has been noticed as a curious fact that, in the Madura district, "while the men belong to the right-hand faction, the women belong to and are most energetic supporters of the left. It is even said that, during the entire period of a faction riot, the Chakkili women keep aloof from their husbands and deny them their marital rights." [7] In a very interesting note on the leather industry of the Madras Presidency, Mr. A. Chatterton writes as follows. [8] "The position of the Chakkiliyan in the south differs greatly from that of the Madiga of the north, and many of his privileges are enjoyed by a 'sub-sect' of the Pariahs called Vettiyans. These people possess the right of removing dead cattle from villages, and in return have to supply leather for agricultural purposes. The majority of Chakkiliyans are not tanners, but leather-workers, and, instead of getting the hides or skins direct from the Vettiyan, they prefer to purchase them ready-tanned from traders, who bring them from the large tanning centres. When the Chuckler starts making shoes or sandals, he purchases the leather and skin which he requires in the bazar, and, taking it home, first proceeds with a preliminary currying operation. The leather is damped and well stretched, and dyed with aniline, the usual colour being scarlet R.R. of the Badische Anilin Soda Fabrik. This is purchased in the bazar in packets, and is dissolved in water, to which a little oxalic acid has been added. The dye is applied with a piece of rag on the grain side, and allowed to dry. After drying, tamarind paste is applied to the flesh side of the skin, and the latter is then rolled between the hands, so as to produce a coarse graining on the outer side. In making the shoes, the leather is usually wetted, and moulded into shape on wooden moulds or lasts. As