Kiriyattil. Vangiloth. Sudra. Kitavu. Kurup. Pallichan. Nambiyar. Muppathinayiran. Urali. Viyapari or Ravari. Nallioden. Attikurissi. Viyyur. Manavalan. Akattu Charna. Adungadi. Purattu Charna. Adiodi. Vattakkad. Amayengolam. "The Kurup, Nambiyar Viyyur, Manavalan, Vengolan, Nellioden, Adungadi, Kitavu, Adiodi, Amayengolam, all superior clans, belong, properly speaking, to North Malabar. The Kiriyattil, or Kiriyam, is the highest of all the clans in South Malabar, and is supposed to comprise, or correspond with the group of clans first named from North Malabar. The Akattu Charna clan is divided into two sub-clans, one of which looks to the Zamorin as their lord, and the other owns lordship to minor lordlings, as the Tirumulpad of Nilambur. The former are superior, and a woman of the latter may mate with a man of the former, but not vice versâ. In the old days, every Nayar chief had his Charnavar, or adherents. The Purattu Charna are the outside adherents, or fighters and so on, and the Akattu Charna are the inside adherents--clerks and domestics. The clan from which the former were drawn is superior to the latter. The Uralis are said to have been masons; the Pallichans manchil bearers. [140] The Sudra clan supplies female servants in the houses of Nambudiris. The Vattakkad (or Chakkingal: chakku, oil press) clan, whose proper métier is producing gingelly or cocoanut oil with the oil-mill, is the lowest of all, excepting, I think, the Pallichan. Indeed, in North Malabar, I have frequently been told by Nayars of the superior clans that they do not admit the Vattakkad to be Nayars, and say that they have adopted the honorary affix Nayars to their names quite recently. There is some obscurity as regards the sub-divisions of the Vattakkad clan. To the north of Calicut, in Kurumbranad, they are divided into the Undiatuna, or those who pull (to work the oil-machine by hand), and the Murivechchu-atune, or those who tie or fasten bullocks, to work the oil-machine. Yet further north, at Tellicherry and thereabouts, there are no known sub-divisions, while in Ernad, to the eastward, the clan is divided into the Veluttatu (white) and Karuttatu (black). The white have nothing to do with the expression and preparation of oil, which is the hereditary occupation of the black. The white may eat with Nayars of any clan; the black can eat with no others outside their own clan. The black sub-clan is strictly endogamous; the other, the superior sub-clan, is not. Their women may marry men of any other clan, the Pallichchan excepted. Union by marriage, or whatever the function may be named, is permissible between most of the other clans, the rule by which a woman may never unite