(2) Kamma Velama found chiefly in the Kistna district, from which some families are said to have emigrated in company with the early Rajas of Vizianagram. They are met with almost solely in the town of Vizianagram. The remarriage of widows is permitted, but females are gosha. The title is Nayudu. (3) Koppala, or Toththala, who do not shave their heads, but tie the hair in a knot (koppu) on the top of the head. They are divided into sections, e.g., Naga (cobra), Sankha (chank shell, Turbinella rapa), Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum), and Tabelu (tortoise). These have no significance so far as marriage is concerned. They are further divided into exogamous septs, or intiperulu, of which the following are examples:--Nalla (black), Doddi (court-yard, cattle-pen or sheep-fold), Reddi (synonym of Kapu). The custom of menarikam, by which a man marries his maternal uncle's daughter, is observed. A Brahman officiates at marriages. Widows are permitted to remarry seven times, and, by an unusual custom, an elder brother is allowed to marry the widow of his younger brother. Women wear on the right wrist a solid silver bangle called ghatti kadiyam, and on the left wrist two bangles called sandelu, between which are black glass bangles, which are broken when a woman becomes a widow. The titles of members of this sub-division are Anna, Ayya, and, when they become prosperous, Nayudu. In a note on the Velamas of the Godavari district, Mr. F. R. Hemingway writes that they "admit that they always arrange for a Mala couple to marry, before they have a marriage in their own houses, and that they provide the necessary funds for the Mala marriage. They explain the custom by a story to the effect that a Mala once allowed a Velama to sacrifice him in order to obtain a hidden treasure, and they say that this custom is observed out of gratitude for the discovery of the treasure which resulted. The Rev. J. Cain gives [125] a similar custom among the Velamas of Bhadrachalam in the Godavari district, only in this case it is a Palli (fisherman) who has to be married." There is, a correspondent informs me, a regular gradation in the social scale among the Velamas, Kammas, and Kapus, as follows:-- Velama Dora = Velama Esquire. Kamma Varu = Mr. Kamma. Kapu. A complaint was once made on the ground that, in a pattah (title-deed), a man was called Kamma, and not Kamma Varu. It is noted by Mr. H. G. Prendergast [126] that the custom of sending a sword to represent an unavoidably absent bridegroom at a wedding is not uncommon among the Telugu Razus and Velamas. Velampan (rope-dancer).--Possibly a name for the Koravas of Malabar, who perform feats on the tight-rope. Velan.--As a diminutive form of Vellala, Velan occurs as a title assumed by some Kusavans. Velan is also recorded as a title of Paraiyans in Travancore. (See Panan.) For the following note on the Velans of the Cochin State, I am indebted to Mr. L. K. Anantha Krishna Iyer. [127]