Produced by Joseph Koshy. Transcribed from The Indian Antiquary, Vol. 46, pp. 81–95. THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY A JOURNAL OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH IN ARCHÆOLOGY, EPIGRAPHY, ETHNOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY, FOLKLORE, LANGUAGES, LITERATURE, NUMISMATICS, PHILOSOPHY, RELIGION, _&c_., _&c_. EDITED BY SIR RICHARD CARNAC TEMPLE, BART, C.B., C.I.E., F.S.A. HON. FELLOW, TRIN. HALL, CAMBRIDGE, FORMERLY LIEUT.-COLONEL, INDIAN ARMY. AND _Prof. DEVADATTA RAMKRISHNA BHANDARKAR, M.A._ ⸻ VOL. XLVI.—1917. *BOMBAY:* _Printed and Published at the BRITISH INDIA PRESS, Mazgaon, Bombay._ LONDON: BERNARD QUARITCH LIMITED, 11 GRAFTON STREET, NEW BOND STREET, W. [_All Rights Reserved_.] [pg 81] *Their mechanism, genesis and development.*¹ BY BHIMRAO R. AMBEDKAR, M. A. ¹ A paper read before the Anthropology Seminar (9th May 1916) of Dr. A. A. Goldenweiser, Columbia University, New York. Many of us, I dare say, have witnessed local, national, or international expositions of material objects that make up the sum total of human civilization. But few can entertain the idea of there being such a thing as an exposition of human institutions. Exhibition of human institutions is a strange idea; some might call it the wildest of ideas. But as students of Ethnology I hope you will not be hard on this innovation, for it is not so, and to you at least it should not be strange. You all have visited, I believe, some historic place like the ruins of Pompeii, and listened with curiosity to the history of the remains as it flowed from the glib tongue of the guide. In my opinion a student of Ethnology, in one sense at least, is much like the guide. Like his prototype, he holds up (perhaps with more seriousness and desire of self instruction) the social institutions to view, with all the objectiveness humanly possible, and inquires into their origin and function. Most of our fellow students in this Seminar, which concerns itself with Primitive _versus_ Modern Society, have ably acquitted themselves along these lines by giving lucid expositions of the various institutions, modern or primitive, in which they are interested. It is my turn now, this evening, to entertain you, as best I can, with a paper on “Castes in India: their mechanism, genesis and development.”