_Answer._ They are: 1. Inspection and lubrication; that is, an examination of the parts to see that they are in good working order, and the application of oil to the journals and other parts subjected to wear. 2. Setting the engine in motion and starting the locomotive and train. 3. Management while running. 4. Stopping the engine and train. 5. Laying up. 6. Management in case of accident. 7. Cleaning the engine. QUESTION 456. _When the locomotive is inspected, what should be especially observed about the boiler?_ _Answer._ In the first place, all new boilers should be tested by pressure before being used, and ALL boilers, whether new or old, SHOULD BE TESTED PERIODICALLY. The oftener the better. The ways of applying the pressure test are: 1, the cold-water test, that is, by filling the boiler with cold water and then forcing in an additional quantity with a force-pump so as to raise the pressure to that at which it is intended to test the boiler; 2, the warm-water test, by filling the boiler entirely full of cold water and then kindling a fire in the grate so as to warm this water. As water expands about one twenty-fourth in rising from 60 to 212 degrees, the rise in temperature will cause a corresponding increase in pressure; 3, by steam pressure. If the latter method were not so commonly used, it would seem the height of madness to test a boiler--which is neither more nor less than an attempt to explode it--in the shop where it is built or repaired, and where the results of an explosion would be more disastrous and fatal than anywhere else, in order to see whether it will explode when put into service on the line of the road. The danger of explosion is also increased at such times by hammering and caulking at leaky rivets and joints.[106] It would seem, therefore, very much more rational to test boilers first by hydraulic pressure. For a first test this is preferable, because cold water will leak through crevices which would be tight when the boiler is heated, so that leaks can be more surely detected with cold than with warm or hot water. It is, however, doubtless true that boilers are often strained much more by the unequal expansion of the different parts than by the actual pressure. It is therefore thought that after the hydraulic test has been applied the second or warm-water test should be used. This can be easily done, as the boiler must be filled full of water for the first test. When the boiler is subjected to the test pressure, it should be carefully examined to see whether any indications of weakness are revealed. Any material change of form or any very irregular change of pressure is indicative of weakness. The flat stayed surfaces should be carefully examined by applying a straight edge to them before and after they are subjected to pressure, to see whether they change their form materially. One of the greatest dangers and most common accidents to locomotive boilers, as has been pointed out in a previous chapter, is