QUESTION 539. _In case an engine becomes blockaded in a snow storm with plenty of fuel, but runs out of water, what can be done?_ _Answer._ Snow should be shoveled into the tender and steam admitted through the heater cocks so as to melt the snow. QUESTION 540. _If a locomotive without an injector should be obstructed in a snow storm or in any other way so that it could not move, and therefore could not work the pumps, what should be done in case the water in the boiler should get low?_ _Answer._ The weight of the engine should be lifted off from the main driving-wheels and the coupling rods disconnected from the main crank-pin, so that the main wheels can turn without moving the engine. These can then be run and the pumps thus be worked. The weight can usually be most conveniently taken off from the main wheels by running the trailing wheels on wooden blocks, and thus raising up the back end of the engine. QUESTION 541. _If it is impossible, in a snow storm or in very cold weather, to keep steam in the boiler without danger, what should be done?_ _Answer._ Draw the fire, blow all the water out of the boiler, empty the tanks, disconnect the hose and slacken up the joints in the pumps and injector so that all the water in them can escape, and thus prevent them from freezing up. PART XXIX. ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES TO PERSONS. QUESTION 542. _In case an accident occurs and one or more persons are seriously injured, what can be done by those present?_ _Answer._ In such cases it very often happens that with knowledge and sufficient coolness to apply that knowledge, one or more non-medical persons who are present when an accident occurs can do as much or more toward saving life and allaying pain, _before_ a doctor comes, than he can _afterwards_. The following cases cited by Dr. Howe in his book on “Emergencies” will illustrate this: “_Case 1._--A machinist was admitted to a New York hospital suffering from wounds of the wrist and palm of the hand. On arriving at the hospital the entire clothing on one side of his body was saturated with blood, from the loss of which he was partly insensible. On making an examination, it was found by the surgeon that a folded handkerchief was bandaged over the centre of the wrist, and that the wound in the palm of the hand was untouched. The pad was placed on the wrist, as if the greatest care had been exercised to avoid pressing on either of the two arteries. The bleeding in this case could easily have been controlled if the bandage and pad had been properly applied. The patient, however, developed erysipelas, and, not having sufficient vitality to carry him through, died the fifth day.”