Dr. Hooker, in his journey to Syria in 1860, discovered that the cedars of Lebanon grew principally on one spot, on old moraines which traverse the head of the Kedisha valley. This valley terminates in broad, shallow, open basins at a height of about 6,000 feet above the sea, resembling the corries of the Highlands; and one of these, in which the cedars grew, was divided into two distinct flats by a transverse range of ancient moraines from 80 to 100 feet high and with perfectly defined boundaries. “The rills from the surrounding heights collect in the upper flat, and form one stream, which winds among the moraines on its way down to the lower flat, whence it is precipitated into the gorge of the Kedisha. The cedars grow on that portion of the moraine which immediately borders this stream, and nowhere else; they form one group about 400 yards in diameter, with an outstanding tree or two not far from the rest, and appear as a black speck in the great area of the corry and its moraines, which contain no other arborious vegetation, nor any shrubs, but a few berberry and rose bushes that form no feature in the landscape.”[255] In ancient times, therefore, the glaciers descended to a height of about 6,000 feet above the sea, and were fed by the perennial snow-fields of the crest of Lebanon. _The Glaciers of Anatolia._ The former presence of glaciers at nearly the same altitude has also been proved by the travels of Mr. Gifford Palgrave in Anatolia,[256] especially in the valley through which the Chorok flows, and in the mountainous country to the north-east, between Georgia and the Black Sea. The river Chorok runs about 120 miles in a north-easterly direction, and is separated from the Euxine by a mountain chain reaching a height of 11,000 feet, thus forming a long strip of land, which is called Lazistan after its inhabitants, a tribe of Lazes. It then turns suddenly to the north, where it falls into the sea. The southern side is determined by mountains of Cretaceous, Jurassic, and Plutonic rocks, which form the watershed between the tributaries of the Black Sea and Persian Gulf. Three large moraines are to be found on the southern side of the valley, their lower extremity about 5,000, their upper origin nearly 8,000 feet above the sea. No moraines are seen where the chain does not reach an altitude of 7,000 feet, though angular boulders are not uncommon. The upper mountain contours are invariably rounded, and smoothed off, and the sides are scooped too widely for the depressions to have been caused by water. Low down in the valley the slopes terminate in rifted precipices.